Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Physics

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dsf

Classified in Physics

Written at on English with a size of 2.44 KB.

Matthew Arnold's Touchstone Method of Criticism was really a comparative system of criticism.  Arnold was mostly a classicist.  He admired the ancient Greek, Roman and French authors as the models to be followed by the modern English authors.  The old English like Shakespeare, Spenser or Milton were also to be taken as models.  Arnold took selected passages from the modern authors and compared them with selected passages from the ancient authors and thus decided their merits.  This method was called Arnold's Touchstone Method.             However, this system of judgement has its own limitations.  The method of comparing passage with a passage is not a sufficient test for determining the value of a work as a whole.  Arnold... Continue reading "dsf" »

Introduction to LASER Technology: Types, Operation, and Applications

Classified in Physics

Written at on English with a size of 1.59 KB.

LASER = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

A laser is actually an oscillator rather than a simple amplifier. The difference is that an oscillator has positive feedback in addition to the amplifier.

Light is understood in a general sense: electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength around 1 μm. Thus, one can have infrared, visible, or ultraviolet lasers.

The atomic medium with population inversion used in the laser is called the active medium. The positive optical feedback is obtained by placing the active medium between two mirrors. One of them (M1) totally reflects back the light (R1 = 1) to the active medium, while the other one (M2, called the output coupler) has a reflectivity less than unity (R2 < 1) and allows some... Continue reading "Introduction to LASER Technology: Types, Operation, and Applications" »

Understanding Physics: Key Concepts and Definitions

Classified in Physics

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Henry Cavendish

conducted an experiment that determined the value of the constant...

Rev of Heavenly Spheres

written by Copernicus in which he proposed that earth and the other planets orbit the sun in perfect circles

Axis of Rotation

the line about which the rotation occurs

Tycho Brahe

made precise observation of the planets and stars

Gravitational Force

the mutual force of attraction between particles of matter

Centripetal Force

the net force of an object in uniform circular motion

Uniform Circular Motion

an object that revolves about a single axis and has a constant tangential speed

Inertial Mass

the property of an object to resist acceleration

Centrifugal Force

an apparent force that "pushes" away from center

Apparent Weightlessness

this phenomenon occurs
... Continue reading "Understanding Physics: Key Concepts and Definitions" »

Introduction to Physics

Classified in Physics

Written at on English with a size of 3.21 KB.

DEFINITIONS

DISTANCE

How much ground an object has covered/traveled.

DISPLACEMENT

The change in position of an object.

SCALAR QUANTITY

Quantity that only has magnitude and no direction.

VECTOR

Physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

CONSTANT SPEED

Speed that does not change.

VELOCITY

Speed in a given direction.

FRAME OF REFERENCE

A background used to judge motion/speed (precise location of an object).

INSTANTANEOUS SPEED

Speed at a given moment.

ENERGY

The capacity/power to do work/move an object by applying force.

MATTER

Anything that has mass and takes up space (how much matter).

WEIGHT

Measure of how gravity pulls matter.

SPEED

Amount of distance traveled in a certain amount of time.

AVERAGE SPEED

Total distance divided by total time.

TIME DISTANCE

... Continue reading "Introduction to Physics" »

Heat Transfer, Energy Types, and Motion Principles

Classified in Physics

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Heat and Thermal Equilibrium

Heat is a way to transfer energy, measured in Joules (J) by the SI. It can also be measured in calories (cal), where 1 cal = 4.184 J and 1 kJ = 1000 J. Heat can be transferred in three ways: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Conduction

Conduction is the process of heat transfer within a solid. Thermal energy is transferred, not matter. Thermal conductivity is the ability of a substance to conduct heat. Thermal conductors transfer thermal energy quickly, while thermal insulators transfer it slowly.

Convection

Convection is the transfer of thermal energy in a fluid (liquid or gas) due to fluid movement. Thermal energy is transmitted through the transport of matter. Convection currents occur when heating water.

Radiation

Radiation

... Continue reading "Heat Transfer, Energy Types, and Motion Principles" »

Human Evolution: From Orrorin to Homo Sapiens

Classified in Physics

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Human Evolution: From *Orrorin* to *Homo Sapiens*

The Earth was formed 4,500 million years ago. There is evidence that the hominid family emerged 6 million years ago, with our species, Homo sapiens sapiens, appearing only 150,000 years ago. Our species is characterized by the development of the brain, which allows for complex social behavior, consciousness of our own existence, and a great capacity for communication. The evolution of our species includes the following:

Key Hominid Species

  1. Orrorin tugenensis: Lived more than 6 million years ago (MA). They were omnivorous, lived in jungles, measured 1.4 meters, were bipedal, and were descendants of the current chimpanzees, but with differences in the pelvis, humerus, and femur.
  2. Ardipithecus ramidus:
... Continue reading "Human Evolution: From Orrorin to Homo Sapiens" »

Physics Formulas: Derivations and Applications

Classified in Physics

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Deriving Key Physics Formulas

Deriving v = u + at

gif;base64,R0lGODlhJAAXAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3Y     → v = u + at

Deriving s = ut + ½ at2

Vaverage =  Image   But v = u + at       → Vaverage =  b73i6fP9WYAp8bVtZgWwIGYVsGmWJK2NEbyEAOw=

Vaverage = s/t    → s = Vaverage(t)    → s = +Af3uDeg4bHC6EdWEKTIp2ZY91HZJ1Ho6VKGdveS (t)     → s = ut + ½ at2

Deriving v2 = u2 + 2as

v = u + at   → v2 = u2 + 2uat + (at)2    {multiply out both sides}

We can rewrite this as v2 = u2 + 2a(ut + ½ at2)             {because 2a(ut + ½ at2) = 2uat + (at)2}

Now sub in s = ut + ½ at2    → v2 = u2 + 2as

Force and Motion

- F = Bqv: Consider a section of conductor of length l through which a current I is flowing.

If q is the charge which carries the current in this section of the conductor, then:

I = q/t, where t is the time it takes the charge q to travel

... Continue reading "Physics Formulas: Derivations and Applications" »

Cosmochemistry: Unveiling the Universe's Origin and Evolution

Classified in Physics

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In the Beginning

Certain questions about our existence on Earth are so fundamental that they have been incorporated into religious mythologies. These questions not only concern the origin of the Earth and the evolution of life but also extend to the origin of the universe and to the nature of space and time. Did the universe have a beginning, and will it ever end? What existed before the universe formed? Does the universe have limits, and what exists beyond those limits? It is proper to raise these questions at the beginning of a geochemistry course because they are within the scope of cosmochemistry.

The Big Bang

The universe started like a bubble in a stream. At first, it was not there, and suddenly it formed and expanded rapidly as though it... Continue reading "Cosmochemistry: Unveiling the Universe's Origin and Evolution" »

Understanding Thermodynamics and Wave Motion Concepts

Classified in Physics

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2.1 Thermodynamics: Concepts

Thermodynamics is a science that studies energy and its transformations.
A thermodynamic property is a system’s characteristic that does not depend on history. There are two types of thermodynamic properties: intensive and extensive properties. The intensive property is independent of the mass or size of the system (e.g., temperature, pressure, and density), whereas an extensive property is dependent (e.g., mass, weight, volume, and total energy).

A system is in thermal equilibrium when the temperature is uniform.
2.2 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third one, then all three are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Remember that thermal equilibrium occurs when the temperature... Continue reading "Understanding Thermodynamics and Wave Motion Concepts" »

Body Image and the Outback in Australian Poetry: Analysis of Les Murray and Henry Lawson

Posted by Héctor and classified in Physics

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Analysis of "On Home Beaches" by Les Murray

Body Image in a Consumerist Society

Les Murray's poem "On Home Beaches" explores the theme of body image and its significance in a consumerist society. It highlights the humiliation faced by individuals who do not conform to conventional beauty standards, particularly in environments like beaches where bodies are exposed.

Subverting the Sonnet Form

The poem adopts the sonnet form, traditionally associated with love and tenderness. Murray ironically subverts this form by using it to depict mortification and ridicule, contrasting the conventional themes of love with the harsh realities of body shaming.

Imagery of the Seaside

The poem utilizes vivid imagery of the seaside, including sand, towels, waves, foam,... Continue reading "Body Image and the Outback in Australian Poetry: Analysis of Les Murray and Henry Lawson" »