Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Physical Education

Medical Glossary

A

Dizziness - Vertigo

A feeling of being unstable.

Diabetes

Hemoglobin A1C Test - Shows average blood sugar throughout 2 to 3 months.

Discomfort

Hot Flush - A hot sensation.

Excessive Sweating

Hyperhidrosis - Heavy sweating.

H

Hypoglycemia

Low level of sugar in the blood.

M

Muscle Wasting

Loss of tissues in the muscles.

N

Neurological Tests

Romberg Test - Neurological test where the patient is asked to stand with eyes closed.

Pain

Stabbing Pain - Pain like a knife entering the body.

Heart Rate

Tachycardia - Rapidly beating heart.

Tingling

A feeling of pins and needles.

V

Vital Signs

Temperature, respiration rate, pulse, blood pressure.

Breathing

Wheezing - Breathing with difficulty.

I

Inflammation

Inflammatory Burst - A rapid increase in inflammation of a... Continue reading "Medical Glossary: Terms and Definitions" »

Knee Anatomy and Common Conditions

Leg Length Discrepancy

• Anatomical (True): Leg length difference from structural changes in the femur or lower leg.
• Functional (Apparent): Legs are equal in length but appear or feel shorter due to muscle imbalance, hip issues, etc.

Q-Angle

• Measured from the ASIS to the patella center, then from the tibial tubercle to the patella center.
• Normal: 10 degrees for males, 15 degrees for females.
• Greater angles may cause patellar tracking issues.

A-Angle

• Patellar orientation to the tibial tubercle.
• Angle >35 degrees may relate to anterior knee pain.

Tibial Torsion

• Rotation of the tibia on the femur.
• Medial: Feet point inward.
• Lateral: Feet point outward excessively.

Patellar Tendon Issues

Patellar Tendinopathy

• Also known as Jumper'

• The cooperation to make goals or points
• The rules and regulations that determine the relationship between members
• The area of play and the limits of the court
• A moving object like a ball to fight, pass, and make points
• Physical skills and abilities to take part in each particular sport

• Flexibility, endurance, strength, and speed
• Coordination of motor skills, special awareness
• Controlling

Sports Vocabulary and Phrases

Competitions

• Be disqualified
• Be knocked out
• Boo off
• Carry on
• Champion
• Championship
• Cheer on
• Competition
• Competitor
• Crowd
• Diver (saltador)
• Drop out
• Endurance
• Event
• Final
• Get through to
• Give up
• League title
• Participant
• Qualify
• Race
• Rider
• Sign up
• Spectator
• Stadium
• Stamina
• Supporter
• Take part in
• Team
• Teammate
• Tournament

Fitness

• Chase (atrapar)
• Climb up/along
• Crawl
• Cross over
• Dive into
• Get over (superar)
• Jog round (correr al voltant de)
• Jump (into, over, out, across)
• March (desfilar)
• Ski
• Skip
• Swim through
• Walk over

Fitness Goals

• Become a member
• Bulk up (fer múscul)
• Enroll in (apuntar-se)
• Enter a competition
• Feel unwell
• Get into shape (posar-se en forma)
• Get together (trobar-se)
• Give up
• Go on a diet
• Join (a gym)
• Keep fit (estar en forma)
• Lose weight (perdre pes)
• Make an appointment

Emotional Healing:

I am now ready for change at an emotional level.
I am ready to emotionally transform.
I now let go of and release any feelings of insecurity.
I deserve to feel secure in myself.
I now let go of and release any feelings of shame.
I deserve to fully honor myself.
I now let go of and release any feelings of embarrassment.
I deserve to feel confident and self-assured.
I now let go of and release any feelings of sadness.
I deserve to be happy and to fulfill my dreams.
I now let go of and release any feelings anger.
I deserve to be free of that burden.
I now let go of and release any feelings of fear.
I deserve to be courageous.
I now let go of and release any feelings of despair.
I deserve to be hopeful.
I now let go of and release any feelings... Continue reading "Emotional Healing and Physical Balance Affirmations" »

Mediterranean Diet

Key Components

• Grains: Rice, wheat, bread, and pasta (rich in complex carbohydrates).
• Fruits and Vegetables: Rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
• Fish, Meat, and Legumes: Important protein sources.
• Olive Oil: Primary cooking fat.

Other important aspects include an active lifestyle, enjoying meals as a social activity, and using local, traditional foods.

Special Diets

Types of Special Diets

• Low Cholesterol Diet: Limits saturated and trans fats (e.g., red meat, sweets).
• Low Salt Diet: Uses seasonings instead of salt; recommended for hypertension.
• Gluten-Free Diet: Excludes gluten (found in wheat and some other grains).
• Diabetes Diet: Avoids simple sugars but allows complex carbohydrates; emphasizes regular mealtimes.
• High/Low Calorie

Lumbar Spine & Pelvis

Sacralization

L5 becomes fused to the sacrum (essentially only 4 lumbar vertebrae; usually asymptomatic). Movement is only available in the 4 lumbar vertebrae.

Lumbarization

S1 fails to unite with the remainder of the sacrum (like a 6th lumbar vertebra; common in ~10% of the population).

Lordosis

Exaggerated curvature in the lumbar spine (butt out, chest out, anterior pelvic tilt).

Kyphosis

Exaggerated curvature in the thoracic spine (has forward head so that you aren’t looking down at the ground all the time).

Scoliosis

Lateral curvature of the spine

• C-shape: thoracic spine
• S-shape: lumbar spine; may compensate for curvature in thoracic spine to remain upright.

Low Back Muscle Strain

Stretch or tear in one or more of the paraspinal... Continue reading "Lumbar Spine & Pelvis Conditions: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment" »

Asthma

1. Help the casualty use their inhaler.
2. Encourage slow breaths.
3. Call for emergency medical assistance.
4. Monitor the casualty for wheezing, difficulty speaking, and grey-blue skin color.

Angina

1. Sit the casualty down.
2. Administer the casualty's angina medication.
3. Ensure rest and keep bystanders away.
4. Advise the casualty to seek medical advice.
5. If pain persists, call for emergency medical assistance. Symptoms: Central chest pain easing with rest.

Approaching a Casualty

1. Assess the situation.
2. Assess the casualties.
3. Check responsiveness.
4. Open the airway.
5. Check breathing.

Anaphylactic Shock

1. Call for emergency medical assistance.
2. Help the casualty administer their medication.
3. Make the casualty comfortable.
4. Monitor for anxiety, swelling of hands, feet, and face, abdominal

Joint Stability and Congruence

Stability and Congruence in Articular Joints:

• Passive Factors: Joint capsule, ligaments.
• Active Factors: Muscular system (monoarticular and biarticular muscles).

Normal Mobility

Spatial Position: Within physiological ranges.

• Active Motion: Performed by active contraction of the musculature itself.
• Functional Motion: Lower-level movements.

Physiological Limitations

• Biomechanical
• Pathological
• Systemic

These limitations result in an active, functional state of the patient.

Passive Mobility

Performed by the examiner.

Anatomical Limitations

• Articular Top
• Pathological Pain

The score depends on the type of patient and the structural state.

Goniometry

Goniometry is the measurement of joint ranges of motion, whether normal or pathological.... Continue reading "Joint Stability and Range of Motion Assessment" »

Systems Development of Resistance

Systems development or job training are methods that are based on adapting the body to certain stimuli that cause systematic changes in body systems.

Continuous Training Methods

The Continuous Run

This training method belongs to the continuous system (the work is without breaks). It is also called jogging or trotting.

The most important characteristics of this method are:

• Steady pace
• Pulsation in the area of activity
• Predominance of volume over intensity

Fartlek Training

Fartlek is a method which belongs to the continuous systems. It consists of a continuous run with changes of pace. Originally, it was performed in nature, and the rhythm changes were dictated by the terrain. Now, the changes of pace, intensity, and duration... Continue reading "Training Methods: Systems Development, Flying Disc, and Indiaca" »