Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Michelangelo's David (1501-1504)

David, created between 1501 and 1504, is a youthful work completed when Michelangelo was just 26 years old. He was presented with a magnificent block of marble, without streaks or imperfections, that had been abandoned in the courtyard of the cathedral. The block's narrow lateral profile posed a significant technical challenge.

The creation of David was conducted in the utmost secrecy (with only one day of viewing allowed for the Florentines). Experts believe that Michelangelo did not use a live model.

With this work, the artist embodied the prototype of the hero who triumphs through intelligence over brute strength. This theme resonated deeply with the Florentines, potentially serving as a metaphor for the greatness... Continue reading "Michelangelo's David: A Masterpiece of Renaissance Sculpture" »

Voice Imposture

Imposture: Any professional using this term must have their voice impostada, meaning "in place." The voice is set up in the vocal cords to deliver sound fully, without hesitation or tremor. Otherwise, effort and disturbances occur. Speaking with an impostada voice means speaking effortlessly and naturally, maximizing the physiological condition of the phonation apparatus.

Impost of the voice: The impost is supported by the base of the rib cage, allowing air to flow freely down the trachea and produce sounds at length and in their best quality. This requires special training, usually provided by speech therapists, singing teachers, or other specialists. This training enables the speaker to use their natural tone, speak for longer... Continue reading "Voice Imposture, Tai Chi Placement, and Yoga Objectives" »

Basketball: Origins and Global Development

Basketball originated in a U.S. school in 1891. Its promoter was James Naismith, a sports instructor at the YMCA in Springfield. Naismith specified the 13 basic rules of basketball, emphasizing the speed of scoring and the spectacular nature of the game. Women's basketball began in 1892 at Smith College. The sport quickly spread throughout the United States and Canada, achieving Olympic status in 1936. Globally, basketball is regulated by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). While FIBA governs the sport worldwide, leagues like Spain's ACB, featuring teams such as Real Madrid and Estudiantes, represent some of the highest categories of professional play.

Dribbling: Essential Ball Advancement

Dribbling... Continue reading "Basketball's Genesis and Dribbling Techniques" »

Elements of the Curriculum

Objectives: These are the intentions and goals of a particular educational project. They define what we want to achieve with the educational activity.

Contents: These are the components of a given capacity that must be learned for the development of goals. They can be further broken down into:

• Conceptual Contents: The set of knowledge.
• Procedural Contents: The techniques, methods, strategies, etc.
• Attitudinal Contents: Habits, values, and attitudes.

Methodology: Specifies the most appropriate activities for which the contents are adequately learned and served.

Assessment: This refers to the control processes of teaching and learning. It must incorporate an analysis and assessment of the process that has led to these results.... Continue reading "Curriculum Elements, Levels, and Types: A Comprehensive Breakdown" »

Fundamental Offensive Skills

Double Step

The double step (often related to a layup or gather step) is a fundamental skill that combines dribbling with the launch towards the basket. After dribbling or receiving the ball, the player takes a long stride, followed by a shorter one, and then drives upwards, shooting the ball towards the hoop to score points.

Shooting and Scoring

Shooting is the act of propelling the ball through the hoop to score points. This is the ultimate objective of offensive play.

Essential Passing Techniques

The pass is the action by which teammates exchange the ball. There are various types of passes, including:

• Chest Pass: Executed by pushing the ball from the chest, aiming for it to reach the receiver at approximately chest

Factors Influencing Speed

Muscle Factors

Provision of bony plates, fiber layout types. The fibers are fast-twitch white and slow-twitch red. The percentage distribution of the fibers depends on:

• Type of muscle
• Age (older individuals often have a higher percentage of red fibers)
• Gender (women often have fewer white fibers)
• Degree of training
• Genetic constitution: Higher or lower muscle viscosity or tone. Greater or lesser muscle elongation capacity. Greater or lesser muscle mass.

Nervous Factors

Intramuscular coordination. Speed of nerve impulse transmission from excitation to inhibition centers or vice versa.

Training Factors

These include:

• Strength and Power

  The increase in strength or power for muscle contraction is responsible for the increased acceleration

Triple-Threat Position

In the triple-threat position, the player is placed in an attack stance: feet apart in line with the shoulders, shooting hand forward, knees half-bent, body leaning forward, head up to maintain court vision; the ball is held between the waist and chest.

Shooting Fundamentals

Features of a Good Shot

• Softness: The ball is not launched at high speed to facilitate accuracy and prevent it from bouncing too far from the rim.
• Backspin: The ball has a backspin produced by the fingers.
• Trajectory: The ball's trajectory should be a parabola of average height.

Types of Shots

Layup (Tray Shot)

The layup is executed with the hand farthest from the defender. If near the rim, the palm faces up; if further away, it faces down to provide greater... Continue reading "Essential Basketball Techniques and Player Roles" »

Scientific training is a physical system that involves the use of planned efforts and counterforce, destined to generate adaptations to resolve movement problems, collaborating with maintaining the best possible quality of life.

Organic Adaptation Mechanisms

1. Adaptation: It is the progressive morphological and functional changes occurring in our agency as a result of training to meet the demands of physical performance. The nature of the adaptation depends on the characteristics of the load, which leads us to distinguish between general training and specific training.
2. Overcompensation: The responses of the human body to physical exertion generate an adaptation of all systems, so that after the recovery effort, the body prepares to overcome a

Toddler Appearance vs. Newborn Appearance

A two-year-old is very different from a newborn baby, as the biological changes that occur in the first two years of a child's life are fast and spectacular. A newborn is about 51cm and weighs less than 4 kg. At two years, most children weigh over 13 kg and measure between 81 and 91cm, with boys generally having greater weight and height than girls. Moreover, the newborn is disproportionate, with a large head (one-quarter of body length). At two years, this proportion changes significantly.

Brain Maturation Indicators in Child Development

The maturation of the brain is responsible for increasing the regularization of sleep and wake rhythms in the child. It also drives changes in the child's ability to... Continue reading "Toddler vs. Newborn: Physical and Neurological Growth" »

Early Experiences

Early experiences, given the principle of life from the moment of fertilization, are very crucial for the organism because they occur when it is still undifferentiated. They are in critical periods of development of the individual.

• Pre-associative acquisition responses: Phenomena are habitualization, awareness, pseudo-knowledge, and inhibition.

The Learned

Almost all human behavior is learned. Man is learning all his life. It is said that a behavior is learned as a result of practice or experience and appears in the repertoire of behaviors in a more or less stable manner.

Learning is the acquisition or modification of behavior as a result of experience. The most important part of learning theory is the theory of information processing.... Continue reading "Understanding Early Experiences and Motor Learning" »