Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Changes in the Musculoskeletal System During Aging

During aging, there is a loss of bone mass, decreased muscle strength, osteoarticular changes, an increase in reaction time, and decreased speed of movement.

Gait Alterations

One of the consequences of changes that occur in the musculoskeletal system is an alteration in the structure of harmonious gait and balance.

Characteristics of Movement

• Slow movements.
• Slowing of trunk rotation.
• Reduced arm swing.
• Absence of heel lift.
• Minimal toe lift.
• Reduced single-leg stance.

Care for Nurses

• Re-educate balance.
• Encourage the use of assistive devices.
• Reduce environmental barriers.
• Recommend exercises to delay deterioration.

Osteoarticular Problems

Older adults may experience various joint diseases. The risk of disability... Continue reading "Musculoskeletal Changes, Falls, and Rehabilitation in Aging" »

El Contrato de Trabajo: Concepto y Contenido

En el contrato de trabajo existen dos partes: el trabajador y el empleador (empresario), que puede ser persona o entidad.

Para la existencia de un contrato de trabajo deben concurrir necesariamente tres elementos:

1. Prestación de Servicio por Cuenta Ajena

Este elemento obliga al trabajador a prestar su servicio al empresario. Consiste en poner a disposición personal su actividad o trabajo, proporcionándole energía de manera continuada, con todas las cualidades de su propia especialidad. A esto se le llama la actividad, y no el resultado.

El trabajador se compromete a aportar su energía sin asumir ninguna responsabilidad por los resultados. Es el empresario quien, en uso de su poder de dirección,... Continue reading "Fundamentos y Elementos Esenciales del Contrato Laboral" »

Shooting Fundamentals

Date: 09/10/08 | Material: Basketball

Objectives

1. Understand the effective scoring distance (from where we are able to score).
2. Practice dunking technique.

Requirements (Technique)

1. Ball control (Hand-T placement).
2. Balance (Feet apart, one foot slightly ahead on the shooting side).
3. Focus on the rim.
4. Orientation (Feet and shoulders aligned toward the basket).

Features (Execution)

1. Ball trajectory (over 30 degrees).
2. Maximum follow-through (Hand above the head, crossing from flexion to extension, arm fully extended).
3. Low ball velocity (soft touch).

Coordination Points

1. Push sequence (Foot, knee, hip, arms).
2. Separate the non-dominant hand (off-hand).
3. Lead with the dominant hand.

Tasks Date: 13/10/08

Off-Ball Movement Strategy

Date: 28/10/08

Objectives

1. Facilitate

Muscle tension results from the contraction of muscle fibers. In the muscular system:

• Muscle fiber types: fast or slow, length, and thickness.
• Volume of fibers (muscle hypertrophy).
• Types of muscle contraction: concentric, isometric, and isotonic.

In the nervous system:

• Coordination of different muscles for movement: agonists, antagonists, and fixers.

Other factors:

• Muscle temperature, which can increase with a good warm-up.
• Training, form, or motivation.

Sorting: Force = Mass x Acceleration

Maximum Force:

The capacity to create maximum tension during muscle contraction. It is related to muscle mass or load.

Maximum Acceleration:

Minimal or no load, for example, when a weightlifter lifts weights in competition.

Explosive Strength:

The ability to overcome... Continue reading "Understanding Muscle Strength, Speed, and Flexibility" »

Passing and Cutting

Date: 25/11/08

Objectives:

1. To gain an advantage towards the basket by a player without the ball.
2. To pass the ball to a teammate who gains an advantage.

Requirements:

1. The player with the ball facing the basket.
2. Change of direction and/or speed of the player without the ball (the player who just received the pass).
3. Awareness of different gameplay options.

Features:

1. Context analysis: distance to the basket, free space, and run of the player without the ball.
2. The characteristics of the players involved in the action (tall, short).
3. Context of the game (e.g., 24-second clock at the end of a period).

Blocking (Offense)

Date: 04/12/08

Objectives:

1. Retrieving the ball after a missed shot.
2. Facilitating an advantage for oneself or a teammate.
3. Hindering

Football Tactics & Strategy: Core Concepts

The Role of a Tactician

A tactician's role involves sorting and ordering players within a team, setting the team's approach in motion, and preparing to gain an advantage in attack or defense. This includes analyzing opponent history and regulating the team's form of play.

Game Organization Fundamentals

• System: Refers to the starting positions of a team on the field, influenced by the coach, before the ball is in play.
• Tactic: Encompasses all offensive and defensive actions used to combat or counteract an opponent during a game while the ball is in play.
• Strategy: Involves all actions designed to develop a favorable game outcome or neutralize any ball release, such as set pieces.

Evolution of Football

Developing Children's Dressing Skills

Understanding Clothing Habits Development

Children's habits related to clothing can be distinguished into three main areas:

• Dressing and Undressing: Fostering autonomy in self-care.
• General Appearance: Emphasizing cleanliness and appropriate clothing choices.
• Clothing Care: Promoting cleanliness, order, and maintenance.

Initially, the adult is responsible for these tasks. As a child grows, they begin to participate actively in these processes.

Key Considerations for Skill Development

Developing clothing habits is an activity that significantly encourages affective development, as it promotes communication and interaction. To foster a child's interest and motivation, consider the following strategies:

• Clear Explanations:

Sports Training Planning: Essential Considerations

Effective sports training planning is crucial for athlete development and performance. It requires careful consideration of several key factors:

• Athlete Characteristics and Goals: Understanding the individual athlete's unique traits and their specific performance objectives.
• Available Resources: Assessing the equipment, facilities, and support personnel at hand.
• Competition Calendar: Aligning training phases with important competitions and events.
• Factors Affecting Performance: Identifying all potential influences on an athlete's performance throughout the periodized planning cycle.

Levels of Sports Training Planning

Training planning is structured across different time horizons to ensure progressive... Continue reading "Strategic Sports Training: Planning for Peak Athlete Performance" »

Fundamental Principles of Training

• Multilateralism: Training should comprehensively develop both the body and fundamental physical qualities.
• Continuity: Physical effort should be sustained without interruptions to maximize benefits.
• Gradual Growth of Effort: Training intensity should progress from low to high, increasing as the individual adapts.
• Overload: Adaptation occurs when stimuli exceed the body's current capacity, prompting improvement.
• Transfer: Physical exercises should be chosen with a specific objective, ensuring they contribute to desired performance outcomes.
• Specificity: Training must be tailored to the athlete's particular sport or specialty.
• Voluntary Stimulation: Genuine improvement stems from voluntary and conscious effort during

Physical Valences: Definition and Characteristics

Physical valences are a set of aspects that determine the physical condition and individual characteristics, encompassing both innate and acquired abilities.

Classification of Key Physical Valences

• Force

  Force is the body's ability to overcome stress or exert effort against resistance.

• Power

  The ability to execute an action or produce an effect, generally used in situations requiring a sense of strength and rapid execution.

• Speed

  Speed is the ability of the individual to travel a distance or make a movement in the shortest time possible. Speed is defined as an ability based on the action of the nervous system, muscles, and the velocity of movement.

• Flexibility

  Flexibility is the ability of the body to