Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Introduction

Nowadays, athletes use drugs to increase their potential when it comes to showing their skills. However, these substances bring significant ethical and practical concerns.

Should Performance Enhancing Drugs (Such as Steroids) Be Accepted in Sports?

Arguments For Acceptance (Pro)

Pro 1

If steroid use for professional athletes is permitted, they will be able to legally obtain physical enhancement drugs which have been regulated, and are therefore possibly safe to use.

Pro 2

The important point is that as long as the participants are grown adults, making informed choices about the possible consequences, there should be no restriction on what sportsmen and women can do. We don't stop grown men punching each other senseless in the ring or... Continue reading "Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports: Ethical Debate" »

Essential English Vocabulary and Definitions

• Artifact: An object that was made a long time ago and is historically important.
• Attire: The clothes that someone is wearing.
• Aversion: A strong feeling that you don’t like someone.
• Burly: A burly man is fat and strong.
• Craving: A very strong feeling of wanting something.
• Crossness: Irritability or anger.
• Crouch down: To move your body close to the ground by bending your knees and leaning forwards slightly (ponerse de cuclillas).
• Dial: To press the numbers on a phone in order to call someone.
• Doomed: Certain to fail.
• Drawl: To speak slowly with long vowels.
• Drowsily: Sleepily.
• Ellipse: A shape similar to a circle but longer than it is wide.
• Embossed: Decorated with a raised design.
• Feigned: Pretending to have

Mediterranean Diet

Key Components

• Grains: Rice, wheat, bread, and pasta (rich in complex carbohydrates).
• Fruits and Vegetables: Rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
• Fish, Meat, and Legumes: Important protein sources.
• Olive Oil: Primary cooking fat.

Other important aspects include an active lifestyle, enjoying meals as a social activity, and using local, traditional foods.

Special Diets

Types of Special Diets

• Low Cholesterol Diet: Limits saturated and trans fats (e.g., red meat, sweets).
• Low Salt Diet: Uses seasonings instead of salt; recommended for hypertension.
• Gluten-Free Diet: Excludes gluten (found in wheat and some other grains).
• Diabetes Diet: Avoids simple sugars but allows complex carbohydrates; emphasizes regular mealtimes.
• High/Low Calorie

Lumbar Spine & Pelvis

Sacralization

L5 becomes fused to the sacrum (essentially only 4 lumbar vertebrae; usually asymptomatic). Movement is only available in the 4 lumbar vertebrae.

Lumbarization

S1 fails to unite with the remainder of the sacrum (like a 6th lumbar vertebra; common in ~10% of the population).

Lordosis

Exaggerated curvature in the lumbar spine (butt out, chest out, anterior pelvic tilt).

Kyphosis

Exaggerated curvature in the thoracic spine (has forward head so that you aren’t looking down at the ground all the time).

Scoliosis

Lateral curvature of the spine

• C-shape: thoracic spine
• S-shape: lumbar spine; may compensate for curvature in thoracic spine to remain upright.

Low Back Muscle Strain

Stretch or tear in one or more of the paraspinal... Continue reading "Lumbar Spine & Pelvis Conditions: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment" »

Essential Vocabulary and Definitions

Digital Actions and Technology Terms

Browse

To glance at or read parts of a book, magazine, etc., casually.

Charge

To put electrical energy into (a device).

Plug In

Capable of or designed for being connected to an electrical power source by plugging in or inserting.

Press

To push.

Scroll

To move a cursor smoothly, causing new data to replace old data on the monitor.

Stream

In or into operation.

Swipe

To slide (a magnetic card) quickly through an electronic device that reads data.

Switch On

To cause (a device) to operate by or as if by moving a switch, knob, or lever; turn on.

Tap

To strike (the fingers, etc.) upon something, especially with repeated light blows.

Text

To send a text message from a mobile phone.

Update

To bring

Asthma

1. Help the casualty use their inhaler.
2. Encourage slow breaths.
3. Call for emergency medical assistance.
4. Monitor the casualty for wheezing, difficulty speaking, and grey-blue skin color.

Angina

1. Sit the casualty down.
2. Administer the casualty's angina medication.
3. Ensure rest and keep bystanders away.
4. Advise the casualty to seek medical advice.
5. If pain persists, call for emergency medical assistance. Symptoms: Central chest pain easing with rest.

Approaching a Casualty

1. Assess the situation.
2. Assess the casualties.
3. Check responsiveness.
4. Open the airway.
5. Check breathing.

Anaphylactic Shock

1. Call for emergency medical assistance.
2. Help the casualty administer their medication.
3. Make the casualty comfortable.
4. Monitor for anxiety, swelling of hands, feet, and face, abdominal

First Aid Protocols

Amputation

1. Control blood loss by applying direct pressure.
2. Place a sterile dressing or clean pad on the wound and secure with a bandage.
3. Call for help.
4. Wrap the severed part in film or a plastic bag.

Ankle Injury

1. Rest and support the ankle.
2. Apply a cold compress.
3. Bandage the ankle.
4. Check circulation.

Absence Seizures

1. Sit down in a quiet place.
2. Talk to the casualty calmly.
3. If they do not recognize you, continue to reassure them.

Alcohol Poisoning

1. Cover the casualty to protect them from the cold.
2. Assess the casualty.
3. Monitor vital signs or call for emergency services.

Animal & Human Bites

1. Wash the bite area thoroughly.
2. Cover with a sterile wound dressing.
3. Send the casualty to the hospital.

Allergy

1. Ask if the person has any known allergies.
2. Remove

Joint Stability and Congruence

Stability and Congruence in Articular Joints:

• Passive Factors: Joint capsule, ligaments.
• Active Factors: Muscular system (monoarticular and biarticular muscles).

Normal Mobility

Spatial Position: Within physiological ranges.

• Active Motion: Performed by active contraction of the musculature itself.
• Functional Motion: Lower-level movements.

Physiological Limitations

• Biomechanical
• Pathological
• Systemic

These limitations result in an active, functional state of the patient.

Passive Mobility

Performed by the examiner.

Anatomical Limitations

• Articular Top
• Pathological Pain

The score depends on the type of patient and the structural state.

Goniometry

Goniometry is the measurement of joint ranges of motion, whether normal or pathological.... Continue reading "Joint Stability and Range of Motion Assessment" »

Systems Development of Resistance

Systems development or job training are methods that are based on adapting the body to certain stimuli that cause systematic changes in body systems.

Continuous Training Methods

The Continuous Run

This training method belongs to the continuous system (the work is without breaks). It is also called jogging or trotting.

The most important characteristics of this method are:

• Steady pace
• Pulsation in the area of activity
• Predominance of volume over intensity

Fartlek Training

Fartlek is a method which belongs to the continuous systems. It consists of a continuous run with changes of pace. Originally, it was performed in nature, and the rhythm changes were dictated by the terrain. Now, the changes of pace, intensity, and duration... Continue reading "Training Methods: Systems Development, Flying Disc, and Indiaca" »