Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

What is CrossFit?

CrossFit is a strength and total physical conditioning program. It is based on incrementing the ten most recognized physical capabilities, according to specialists in the fitness training field:

• Strength
• Flexibility
• Balance
• Respiratory-cardiac resistance
• Power
• Speed
• Agility
• Coordination
• Muscle resistance
• Precision

The Objective of CrossFit

The objective of CrossFit is to develop the maximum performance level in all of these physical capabilities, not to carry out a specific training program. This is why we usually say that CrossFit's specialty is not to specialize.

History of CrossFit

CrossFit was created by a gymnast during the 1990s. The first CrossFit gym opened in Santa Cruz, California, in 1995. The number of members grew from 18 in... Continue reading "CrossFit: Intense Workouts for Peak Physical Fitness" »

Pathway 2: Glycolysis Anaerobic Lactic- Glycolysis is the second energy pathway. ATP produced during Glycolysis allows an athlete to engage in medium-term physical activity usually lasting from 1-3 minutes (from 15 seconds - 3 minutes).

• Medium Term sports would include a shift in a hockey game, 400 or 800 meter track event.

  Since glucose is plentiful in the body, Glycolysis is an ideal backup to the short-lived ATP production provided by ATP-PC system. During the process of Glycolysis, glucose is partially broken down in an 11-step biochemical process to yield twice as much ATP! How? Glycolysis transfers energy from the breakdown of glucose to ADP which it uses to rejoin to phosphate to make ATP. Like ATP-PC, Glycolysis does not require O2. ATP

Cellular Respiration: Aerobic System

The ATP produced here far exceeds the other pathways. After one cycle, one glucose molecule can yield 36 ATP molecules (give or take a few depending on the fuel source). In the presence of oxygen, the Aerobic System can sustain activity for a long time until other physiological limits are reached. It involves three separate sub-pathways that begin with one glucose molecule.

1. Glycolysis – 1st Sub-Pathway

1st Stage: Glycolysis is the same as the anaerobic lactic system, except that in the presence of oxygen, Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is converted to Acetyl CoA (rather than lactic acid). 2 ATP are produced. Acetyl CoA then enters the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), which is a central pathway for the metabolism... Continue reading "Aerobic Energy Production: ATP Yield and Lactate Threshold" »

Combat Victory Conditions

Victory was achieved by knocking out your opponent or if the other person decided to quit (abandonar). However, quitting was often seen as a terrible decision because you were representing more than just yourself; your family could be seen as cowards forever.

Draw Condition: Klimax

A draw (empatar) was not possible under normal circumstances. But sometimes fighters were too exhausted to achieve a Knockout (KO). If this occurred, the referee indicated a "Klimax".

• Klimax: Two fighters stood one in front of the other. One fighter, standing with his hands behind his back, reserved a hit starting from the hip line. This hit could not be avoided or stopped.
• If you stood up, it became your turn until the end, when only one remained

First Aid Assessment Acronyms

PERRL = Pupils, Equal, Round, React to Light

DOTS = Deformity, Open wounds, Tenderness, Swelling

SAMPLE = Signs or symptoms, Allergies, Medication, Past medical history, Last oral intake, Events leading up to the illness or injury

CSM = Circulation, Sensation, Movement

The AVPU Scale

The AVPU scale is used to determine a person's responsiveness:

• Alert
• Verbal: Responsive to verbal stimulus
• Painful: Responsive only to painful stimulus
• Unresponsive: Unresponsive to any stimulus

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment. A commonly used example of PPE is gloves.

Signs and Symptoms

Describe signs and symptoms and give an example:

• Signs: Victim's conditions you can feel, see, hear, or smell (e.

Physical Fitness Fundamentals

Physical fitness enables daily physical activity without excessive fatigue. It comprises four key components, often called the four "S's": Strength, Stamina (or endurance), Speed, and Suppleness (or flexibility). In Spanish, these are known as "Capacidades Físicas Básicas".

1. Endurance or Stamina

Endurance is the ability to exercise continuously for extended periods without tiring. It's crucial for health, quality of life, and many sports, such as marathons. Regular stamina training benefits the cardiovascular system.

There are two main types of stamina based on energy usage:

• Aerobic Stamina: Enables low-intensity activities over long periods, with sufficient oxygen supply to muscles.
• Anaerobic Stamina: Enables high-

Upper Body Muscles

Trapezius

• Origin: Occipital bone and thoracic spinous processes
• Insertion: Clavicle and scapula
• Action: Rotate scapula, elevate clavicle, extend neck

Triceps Brachii

• Origin: Superior and posterior humerus and scapula
• Insertion: Olecranon of ulna
• Action: Extension at elbow and shoulder, plus shoulder adduction

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

• Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
• Insertion: Second metacarpal bone
• Action: Extension and abduction at wrist

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

• Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
• Insertion: Fifth metacarpal bone
• Action: Extension and adduction at wrist

Rotator Cuff and Back Muscles

Subscapularis

• Origin: Subscapular fossa of scapula
• Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus
• Action: Medial rotation at shoulder

Supraspinatus

• Origin:

Polyhedron

A solid bounded by at least four polygonal faces.

Face

A polygonal surface of a solid figure.

Vertex of a Polyhedron

The point at which three or more edges meet.

Edge

A line segment where two faces of a polyhedron meet.

Diagonal of a Polyhedron

A line segment joining two vertices that are not on the same face.

Prisms

Polyhedra bounded by two parallel polygonal faces and several parallelogram faces. The side edges are all parallel and equally long.

The Height of the Prism

Perpendicular distance between the two parallel faces.

Right Prisms

A prism is a right prism if the sides are rectangles (or squares). In right prisms, the side edges are perpendicular to the bases. If the sides are not rectangles (rhomboids, for example), it is an oblique... Continue reading "Understanding Polyhedra: Definitions, Types, and Properties" »

Origins of Jai Alai

Hundreds of years ago, a game started by simply throwing a ball against a church wall; it was known as Jai Alai. The sport first originated in the Basque region of Spain. The first internal fronton was built in 1798 in Markina, Spain. In 1904, the sport was introduced to the United States. Twenty-two years later, America's first fronton was built in Miami, Florida, and the sport expanded to more countries.

Jai Alai has been around for more than 400 years, and the sport has changed very little since its inception.

What is Jai Alai?

Jai Alai is a sport involving bouncing a ball off a walled space by accelerating it to high speeds with a hand-held wicker cesta. It is a variation of Basque pelota.

The term "Jai Alai," coined by Serafin... Continue reading "Jai Alai: The World's Fastest Ball Sport" »