Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Gender and Physical Activity: Social Construction and Identity

Gender expression is largely shaped by social conventions and rules. While being male or female is a fundamental aspect of personal identity, educational approaches should address the diverse possibilities of gender, moving beyond the idea that it is purely a matter of personal choice. Gender is a social construction imposed upon the body, and as such, it involves certain degrees of freedom and repression.

Implications of Gender in Physical Education and Sport

• Early Childhood Implications: Gender has implications from early childhood, as games are often part of gender expression, leading to the categorization of 'boys' games' and 'girls' games.
• Masculinity and Machismo in Sports: Modern

The Expressive Dimension of Movement (ME)

The Expressive Dimension focuses on the internal experience and manifestation of movement, often referred to as the Expressive Alphabet (ME).

Expressive Alphabet: Body Involvement and Control (ITC)

This dimension details the Integration of Total Control (ITC) in terms of body parts and physical dynamics:

• Body parts involved.
• Support surfaces, bodily attitudes, and movement (e.g., inertia, centers of gravity).
• Degree of muscle tension.
• Sense of gravity.
• Movement opportunities.
• Spatial concepts (individual and total space, shape distribution, trajectory, spatial locations, symmetry-asymmetry, levels).
• Body rhythm (internal and external).
• Different qualities of movement.
• Body sound (vowel, non-vocal, and instrumental)

Rugby Fundamentals: Passing, Player Roles, Scrum, and Lineout

The Basic Pass in Rugby

The basic pass is a direct element in collaborative attacking play. A good pass has two key requirements: precision and execution speed.

The passing technique involves several phases:

• Initial Phase: Receiving the Ball

  The pass is initiated for the receiver to get the ball. Run at high speed towards the shoulder line in the direction of the ball, and catch the ball with two hands.

• Execution Phase: Power and Focus

  This involves the dissociation of the lower body from the upper body. The pass is executed with power in one fluid movement. Maintain eye contact with the receiver.

• Final Phase: Release and Follow-Through

  Perform a trunk torsion, releasing the ball by extending

Understanding Kyphosis

Kyphosis (from Greek κύφος, "convex," and the suffix -osis, indicating "state" or "process") refers to a condition where the spine exhibits an excessive outward curvature, often leading to a loss of its natural inward curves in affected segments. This condition causes a visible tilt in the back, often perceived as poor posture.

The symptoms of kyphosis that may or may not occur, depending on the type and extent of the deformity, include back pain, fatigue, a visibly curved back, shortness of breath, discomfort, and even death (in extremely severe and rare cases).

Types of Kyphosis

There are many types of kyphosis, including:

• Postural Kyphosis

  This is the most common type, usually attributed to poor posture. It represents

Changes in the Musculoskeletal System During Aging

During aging, there is a loss of bone mass, decreased muscle strength, osteoarticular changes, an increase in reaction time, and decreased speed of movement.

Gait Alterations

One of the consequences of changes that occur in the musculoskeletal system is an alteration in the structure of harmonious gait and balance.

Characteristics of Movement

• Slow movements.
• Slowing of trunk rotation.
• Reduced arm swing.
• Absence of heel lift.
• Minimal toe lift.
• Reduced single-leg stance.

Care for Nurses

• Re-educate balance.
• Encourage the use of assistive devices.
• Reduce environmental barriers.
• Recommend exercises to delay deterioration.

Osteoarticular Problems

Older adults may experience various joint diseases. The risk of disability... Continue reading "Musculoskeletal Changes, Falls, and Rehabilitation in Aging" »

El Contrato de Trabajo: Concepto y Contenido

En el contrato de trabajo existen dos partes: el trabajador y el empleador (empresario), que puede ser persona o entidad.

Para la existencia de un contrato de trabajo deben concurrir necesariamente tres elementos:

1. Prestación de Servicio por Cuenta Ajena

Este elemento obliga al trabajador a prestar su servicio al empresario. Consiste en poner a disposición personal su actividad o trabajo, proporcionándole energía de manera continuada, con todas las cualidades de su propia especialidad. A esto se le llama la actividad, y no el resultado.

El trabajador se compromete a aportar su energía sin asumir ninguna responsabilidad por los resultados. Es el empresario quien, en uso de su poder de dirección,... Continue reading "Fundamentos y Elementos Esenciales del Contrato Laboral" »

Muscle tension results from the contraction of muscle fibers. In the muscular system:

• Muscle fiber types: fast or slow, length, and thickness.
• Volume of fibers (muscle hypertrophy).
• Types of muscle contraction: concentric, isometric, and isotonic.

In the nervous system:

• Coordination of different muscles for movement: agonists, antagonists, and fixers.

Other factors:

• Muscle temperature, which can increase with a good warm-up.
• Training, form, or motivation.

Sorting: Force = Mass x Acceleration

Maximum Force:

The capacity to create maximum tension during muscle contraction. It is related to muscle mass or load.

Maximum Acceleration:

Minimal or no load, for example, when a weightlifter lifts weights in competition.

Explosive Strength:

The ability to overcome... Continue reading "Understanding Muscle Strength, Speed, and Flexibility" »

Passing and Cutting

Date: 25/11/08

Objectives:

1. To gain an advantage towards the basket by a player without the ball.
2. To pass the ball to a teammate who gains an advantage.

Requirements:

1. The player with the ball facing the basket.
2. Change of direction and/or speed of the player without the ball (the player who just received the pass).
3. Awareness of different gameplay options.

Features:

1. Context analysis: distance to the basket, free space, and run of the player without the ball.
2. The characteristics of the players involved in the action (tall, short).
3. Context of the game (e.g., 24-second clock at the end of a period).

Blocking (Offense)

Date: 04/12/08

Objectives:

1. Retrieving the ball after a missed shot.
2. Facilitating an advantage for oneself or a teammate.
3. Hindering

Football Tactics & Strategy: Core Concepts

The Role of a Tactician

A tactician's role involves sorting and ordering players within a team, setting the team's approach in motion, and preparing to gain an advantage in attack or defense. This includes analyzing opponent history and regulating the team's form of play.

Game Organization Fundamentals

• System: Refers to the starting positions of a team on the field, influenced by the coach, before the ball is in play.
• Tactic: Encompasses all offensive and defensive actions used to combat or counteract an opponent during a game while the ball is in play.
• Strategy: Involves all actions designed to develop a favorable game outcome or neutralize any ball release, such as set pieces.

Evolution of Football

Developing Children's Dressing Skills

Understanding Clothing Habits Development

Children's habits related to clothing can be distinguished into three main areas:

• Dressing and Undressing: Fostering autonomy in self-care.
• General Appearance: Emphasizing cleanliness and appropriate clothing choices.
• Clothing Care: Promoting cleanliness, order, and maintenance.

Initially, the adult is responsible for these tasks. As a child grows, they begin to participate actively in these processes.

Key Considerations for Skill Development

Developing clothing habits is an activity that significantly encourages affective development, as it promotes communication and interaction. To foster a child's interest and motivation, consider the following strategies:

• Clear Explanations: