Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Mediterranean Diet

Key Components

• Grains: Rice, wheat, bread, and pasta (rich in complex carbohydrates).
• Fruits and Vegetables: Rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
• Fish, Meat, and Legumes: Important protein sources.
• Olive Oil: Primary cooking fat.

Other important aspects include an active lifestyle, enjoying meals as a social activity, and using local, traditional foods.

Special Diets

Types of Special Diets

• Low Cholesterol Diet: Limits saturated and trans fats (e.g., red meat, sweets).
• Low Salt Diet: Uses seasonings instead of salt; recommended for hypertension.
• Gluten-Free Diet: Excludes gluten (found in wheat and some other grains).
• Diabetes Diet: Avoids simple sugars but allows complex carbohydrates; emphasizes regular mealtimes.
• High/Low Calorie

Lumbar Spine & Pelvis

Sacralization

L5 becomes fused to the sacrum (essentially only 4 lumbar vertebrae; usually asymptomatic). Movement is only available in the 4 lumbar vertebrae.

Lumbarization

S1 fails to unite with the remainder of the sacrum (like a 6th lumbar vertebra; common in ~10% of the population).

Lordosis

Exaggerated curvature in the lumbar spine (butt out, chest out, anterior pelvic tilt).

Kyphosis

Exaggerated curvature in the thoracic spine (has forward head so that you aren’t looking down at the ground all the time).

Scoliosis

Lateral curvature of the spine

• C-shape: thoracic spine
• S-shape: lumbar spine; may compensate for curvature in thoracic spine to remain upright.

Low Back Muscle Strain

Stretch or tear in one or more of the paraspinal... Continue reading "Lumbar Spine & Pelvis Conditions: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment" »

Asthma

1. Help the casualty use their inhaler.
2. Encourage slow breaths.
3. Call for emergency medical assistance.
4. Monitor the casualty for wheezing, difficulty speaking, and grey-blue skin color.

Angina

1. Sit the casualty down.
2. Administer the casualty's angina medication.
3. Ensure rest and keep bystanders away.
4. Advise the casualty to seek medical advice.
5. If pain persists, call for emergency medical assistance. Symptoms: Central chest pain easing with rest.

Approaching a Casualty

1. Assess the situation.
2. Assess the casualties.
3. Check responsiveness.
4. Open the airway.
5. Check breathing.

Anaphylactic Shock

1. Call for emergency medical assistance.
2. Help the casualty administer their medication.
3. Make the casualty comfortable.
4. Monitor for anxiety, swelling of hands, feet, and face, abdominal

Joint Stability and Congruence

Stability and Congruence in Articular Joints:

• Passive Factors: Joint capsule, ligaments.
• Active Factors: Muscular system (monoarticular and biarticular muscles).

Normal Mobility

Spatial Position: Within physiological ranges.

• Active Motion: Performed by active contraction of the musculature itself.
• Functional Motion: Lower-level movements.

Physiological Limitations

• Biomechanical
• Pathological
• Systemic

These limitations result in an active, functional state of the patient.

Passive Mobility

Performed by the examiner.

Anatomical Limitations

• Articular Top
• Pathological Pain

The score depends on the type of patient and the structural state.

Goniometry

Goniometry is the measurement of joint ranges of motion, whether normal or pathological.... Continue reading "Joint Stability and Range of Motion Assessment" »

Systems Development of Resistance

Systems development or job training are methods that are based on adapting the body to certain stimuli that cause systematic changes in body systems.

Continuous Training Methods

The Continuous Run

This training method belongs to the continuous system (the work is without breaks). It is also called jogging or trotting.

The most important characteristics of this method are:

• Steady pace
• Pulsation in the area of activity
• Predominance of volume over intensity

Fartlek Training

Fartlek is a method which belongs to the continuous systems. It consists of a continuous run with changes of pace. Originally, it was performed in nature, and the rhythm changes were dictated by the terrain. Now, the changes of pace, intensity, and duration... Continue reading "Training Methods: Systems Development, Flying Disc, and Indiaca" »

WHO Definitions (1983)

For the WHO (1983), impairment is any loss or abnormality of structure or function, psychological, physiological, or anatomical; disability relates to the absence, due to impairments, of the ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being; and handicap refers to a disadvantage for an individual, a social consequence of impairment or disability that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role considered normal depending on age group, sex, social, and cultural factors.

For WHO, disability is the lack (resulting from an impairment) of the ability to perform an activity normally.

Disability Definition in Chile (Ley 19.284)

DISABILITY: According to Ley 19.284, a person is considered... Continue reading "Disability Definitions and Types" »

Understanding English Speech Sounds

Manner of Articulation

• Plosive: Air is completely stopped, then released suddenly.
• Affricate: Air is stopped, then released gradually with friction.
• Fricative: Air is forced through a narrow channel, creating audible friction.
• Nasal: Air flows through the nasal cavity, with a complete closure in the oral cavity.
• Lateral: Air flows around the sides of the tongue.
• Approximant: Articulators approach but do not touch, creating a wide opening without significant friction.

Place of Articulation

• Bilabial: Both lips come together.
• Labiodental: The lower lip touches the upper teeth.
• Dental: The tongue tip or blade touches the upper teeth.
• Alveolar: The tongue tip or blade touches the alveolar ridge (the gum ridge behind the upper

Design of the Intervention

The Program Contains a Plan, Project, and Activities

Plan a project with project activities, tasks.

What is Planning?

Previously organizing an activity.

What is a Plan?

An idea laid out.

What is Software?

Realization of a more concrete plan.

What is a Project?

A process that includes a series of concrete activities that lead to an end, in order to specify what you want and how involved you think it is.

What is an Activity?

A set of actions that lead to an end to meet a defined objective.

What is a Task?

Something to do in particular.

Which of these is the action of the technical center? To do the activities.

Methodology

The form or manner in which we develop intervention.

Timing

Time distribution to perform various activities and tasks.... Continue reading "Senior Stimulation: Techniques and Activities for Well-being" »

Understanding Climbing: Disciplines, Techniques, and Safety

Climbing and mountaineering are activities that involve ascending steep walls or rock faces, requiring significant physical strength and mental fortitude. Any upward movement is considered an ascent, whether easy, difficult, or highly challenging, depending on the individual's physical condition. Due to the considerable heights and inherent dangers, the use of protective equipment is crucial.

Types of Climbing Environments and Styles

Climbing encompasses many variations, categorized by the environment, equipment used, and other factors. Based on the climbing environment, several distinct types exist:

• Outdoor Rock Climbing: Defined by ascending natural rock faces outdoors.
• Crack Climbing:

Tips to Encourage Language Use and Understanding in the Classroom

Place the child near the teacher to facilitate visual communication. Speech development may be slow and accompanied by gestures. Ensure the child maintains visual contact when speaking. Use images, objects, and materials to reinforce verbal communication, capitalizing on the visual strengths of these children. When engaging in activities or games, repeat the rules several times or provide examples.

When communicating directly with the child, use rich, age-appropriate language, avoiding childish terms. If the child's speech is difficult to understand, avoid saying "no" or "I don't understand." Instead, ask specific questions to help them express themselves. Avoid rushing to help;... Continue reading "Boosting Language Skills in Children with Down Syndrome" »