Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Stretching Techniques

Dynamic Stretching

Dynamic stretching is a training method widely used in gyms, utilizing springs. No plates are used; the objective is to improve physical condition by increasing the range of motion.

Ballistic Stretching

Ballistic stretching uses methods similar to dynamic stretching but involves more exaggerated muscle movement. It also produces the normal myotatic reflex and must be monitored carefully as it carries a higher risk of muscle injury.

Benefits of Dynamic & Ballistic Stretching

• More motivating and less boring than static stretching.
• Develops dynamic flexibility.

Disadvantages of Dynamic & Ballistic Stretching

• Tissue adaptation is momentary.
• Increases the risk of injuries.
• Triggers the stretch reflex.

Passive

TEST GRAPHICS: GRAPHICS STAGE

Sequence: Location, Pressure, Time, Motion, Size, Orientation of the person, Details.

Pressure

• Pressure - Stroke: Bold and profound creative leadership, rapid mental processes.
• Trazo thick and deep slow: Bold aggressiveness without depth.
• Person more routine mental processes slow, heavy mental: Wait, firm Stroke: resilience, adaptation.
• Curved Stroke: A character does not question the standard kind, sensitive.
• Stroke ornamented many turns: Self-centered narcissist.
• Trazo weak and fast: Intuitive creative mental quickness.
• Stroke weak and slow: Depressive anxiety.
• Normal pressure: Adjusted balance, developed, constant, harmonious.
• Pressure weak, executed with speed and simplification: Represents mental agility, originality.

Flexibility Work Recommendations

To improve flexibility, it's essential to work on specific muscle groups and joints.

Effects of Flexibility on the Nervous System

Flexibility improves the quality and speed of stimuli, through which nerves reach the muscles to act.

Understanding Breathing

Breathing is the process by which gas exchange occurs, facilitating the oxygen necessary for sustaining life and the output of carbon dioxide. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's pH balance.

Controlling Breathing

Breathing can be controlled both physically and mentally. It is the only vital function that escapes the split between voluntary and involuntary control.

Phases of Respiration

• Expiration: Of great importance, since expelling the stale air

Volleyball Fundamentals

Game Objective

The primary objective in volleyball is to win three out of five sets to secure the match victory. Teams aim to prevent the opposing team from successfully returning the ball.

Playing Area

A standard volleyball court is rectangular, measuring 18 x 9 meters. It is divided in half by a net, which spans the 9-meter width of the court.

Team Composition

Volleyball teams typically consist of 12 players. Six players start the match on the court, while the remaining players are on the bench. The coach is permitted to make up to six substitutions in each set.

Player Roles

• Defenders (Back-Row Players): Responsible for receiving the serve or spike, they pass the ball to the setter. They primarily operate in court areas 5,

Introduction to Team Sports

Sporting Equipment

Sport is a motor situation characterized by action, driving, competition, regulation, and institutionalization. Sports are based on specific motor control where space and control are key elements.

Elements Common in Team Sports

• Basic Techniques and Motor Skills: Movement, release, reception, impact, driving.
• Specific Motor Skills: Tactics (individual and team), physical preparation, psychological preparation, and intelligent play.

Work Methodology in Team Sports

Definitions

• Learning: Acquiring knowledge or a skill.
• Learning Action: The process of learning an art or craft. It is essential to know what students already know and start with the basics.
• Teaching: A system and method of giving instruction.
• Methodology:

Speed: Definition and Core Concepts

Speed is the quality that allows an individual to perform motor actions in the shortest possible time and with maximum efficiency.

Phases of a Speed Race

• Reaction: The initial response to a stimulus.
• Acceleration: The phase of increasing velocity.
• Top Speed: The maximum velocity achieved.
• Resistance to Speed: The ability to maintain high speed despite fatigue.

Factors Influencing Speed

• Muscle Factors:
  • Leverage Layout: Quick movements often involve third-degree levers.
  • Muscle Capabilities: Includes muscle tone, elongation capacity, muscle viscosity, and fiber type (fast-twitch fibers are white and contract quickly; slow-twitch fibers are red and contract slowly).
• Nervous Factors:
  • Intramuscular Coordination: The ability

The Dynamic Indoor Stick Sport

This game was born in Sweden, a country where sport is highly valued. It has since been adopted by numerous countries for both recreational sport and competitive play. It is a team sport that is simple to learn, allowing all players to participate effectively from the very first moments. This fast-paced game can be practiced at any age and requires each player to contribute actively, making it an excellent choice for physical training for other sports. Importantly, all violence is excluded, ensuring no peril and causing no damage to the playing surfaces.

Understanding the Game Mechanics

The Terrain

The playing terrain can vary in size and presentation. Recommended dimensions are between 10 and 20 meters. The field... Continue reading "Mastering the Rules of the Fast-Paced Indoor Stick Sport" »

Depósito Hidráulico

Su misión es almacenar líquido hidráulico para asegurar el abastecimiento, permitir el bombeo y su retorno.

Componentes del Sistema Hidráulico

Fuente de Presión y Bombas

Bombas de caudal constante accionadas mecánicamente.

Regulador de Presión

Asegura una presión regulada para garantizar el funcionamiento del sistema.

Acumulador Principal

Su misión es proporcionar líquido hidráulico rápidamente donde hay demanda del circuito principal.

Válvula de Seguridad

Su misión es dar preferencia de alimentación a los órganos de seguridad vitales.

Función Válvula Seguridad (Pregunta 3)

Funciona para aislar los circuitos de suspensión trasero y delantero de la fuente de presión en caso de fallo. En caso de avería, la válvula... Continue reading "Componentes y Funcionamiento del Sistema Hidráulico Vehicular" »

Game by Couples: Objective: To motivate and enjoy the practice of volleyball and develop positive attitudes.

Relate to sharing partners and co-targets. Learn about key aspects of the basic rules of volleyball and start in the game. Practice fingers and forearm passes as integral elements in the game. Develop basic aspects of individual tactical skills, improving perception, decision-making, and execution involved in the game. Learn how to act autonomously in sport through integrated and global work.

Contents: Concepts and basic rules, material for the game, application of basic standards of play, and respect towards them. Use tactics such as passing space with fingers and forearms, exploration of different backgrounds, and improving the feel... Continue reading "Enhancing Volleyball Skills Through Engaging Couple Games" »

Muscle Contractility and Mechanism

What is the unit of muscle contractility and how would you explain briefly the mechanism of muscle contraction?

The basic unit of muscle contraction is the sarcomere. It is composed of protein filaments: actin and myosin. Actin filaments are fixed in a longitudinal direction, while myosin filaments are free. During contraction, the length of the actin and myosin filaments does not change. Instead, the sarcomere shortens due to the sliding of the actin filaments over the myosin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere. This sliding is driven by the interaction between actin and myosin, which is regulated by calcium ions. Calcium is essential for muscle contraction.

Respiratory Physiology

Explain VO2 max and