Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Physical Education

Muscle Contractility and Mechanism

What is the unit of muscle contractility and how would you explain briefly the mechanism of muscle contraction?

The basic unit of muscle contraction is the sarcomere. It is composed of protein filaments: actin and myosin. Actin filaments are fixed in a longitudinal direction, while myosin filaments are free. During contraction, the length of the actin and myosin filaments does not change. Instead, the sarcomere shortens due to the sliding of the actin filaments over the myosin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere. This sliding is driven by the interaction between actin and myosin, which is regulated by calcium ions. Calcium is essential for muscle contraction.

Respiratory Physiology

Explain VO2 max and

Physical Condition

Physical condition refers to the body's capacity to respond to fitness exercises. It depends on factors such as:

• Genes
• Age
• Gender
• Training
• Health habits

Total Training

Total training involves a combination of continuous running, fartlek, and gymnastics, addressing all physical attributes. Characteristics include:

• Alternating continuous running with accelerations, decelerations, and gymnastic periods.
• Constant pace, with intensity variations.
• No breaks.
• Potential for oxygen debt.

Key Fitness Components

• Strength: The ability to lift or move heavy weights.
• Speed: The ability to cover a distance or perform a movement in the shortest possible time.
• Resistance: The ability to exercise for an extended period.
• Flexibility: The ability to move muscles

Extreme Sports: An Adrenaline Rush

Water Sports

• Rafting (by boat or downriver)
• Gorge putting

Land Sports

• Caving

Air Sports

• Bridge jumping
• Paragliding
• Hang gliding

Racing Guidance

Objective

Complete a set route faster than rivals using a map and compass.

Environment

Countryside

Materials

• Map
• Compass
• Information sheet

Map

A graphical representation of the terrain, showing distances between paths. Key indicators include scale (e.g., 1:20000 means 1cm on the map equals 20000cm in reality) and contour lines.

Compass

A navigational instrument with a magnetized needle pointing North. Align the needle's North with the map's North, then rotate the compass to match the desired bearing.

Information Sheet

Helps locate key points marked on the map.

Orientation Courses

Duration

As... Continue reading "Thrilling Adventures: Exploring Extreme Sports and Races" »

Soccer Field Dimensions

Pitch Length

• 90x120 meters

Pitch Width

• 45x90 meters

International Pitch Length

• 100x110 meters

International Pitch Width

• 64x75 meters

Goal Area

Extends with two lines perpendicular to the goal line, 5.5 meters from the inside of each goalpost.

Penalty Area

Extends with two lines perpendicular to the goal line, 16.5 meters from the inside of each post.

Goal Specifications

Goal Size

7.32 meters wide x 2.44 meters high.

Soccer Ball Regulations

Ball Material

Spherical, made of leather or other suitable material.

Circumference

Between 68 cm and 70 cm.

Weight

Between 410g and 450g.

Pressure

0.6-1.1 atmospheres at sea level.

Application of the Advantage Rule

The referee may allow play to continue if a foul occurs, considering:

• The severity of the infraction.

Spain vs Serbia EuroBasket 2007: A Crushing Defeat

Serbia's Resurgence: A Team Forged in Fire

Serbia, under the guidance of the veteran coach Ivkovic, has emerged as a dominant force in European basketball. Their victory over Spain, the overwhelming favorite, showcased their exceptional teamwork and individual talent. Players like Tepic, Tripkovic, and Velickovic are on the cusp of stardom, while Krstic's return from injury adds a formidable presence to their already potent lineup.

Serbia's traditional strengths were on full display: stifling defense, relentless intensity, and a seamless transition game. Their offensive firepower, led by Krstic's dominance in the paint (17 points, 6 rebounds), proved too much for the Spanish interior defense to... Continue reading "Spain vs Serbia EuroBasket 2007: Analysis and Recap" »

History of Sports Psychology: 4 Key Stages

1879-1919: Experimental Period

• Immediate Antecedents

1920-1945: Early Development

• Rudick (Soviet Union)
• Griffith (U.S.)

1946-1964: Motor Learning and Applied Research

• Invention of motor learning and applied techniques

1965-1979: Official Recognition

• Establishment of the field

Sports Psychology in Chile

1st Period (1970-1979): Early Stages

• 1972: Creation of the Chilean Society of Sports Psychology, but it was not active.

2nd Period (1980-1994): Individualism

• Sports psychologists worked independently.

3rd Period (1995-2001): Association

• 1992: Enrique Aguayo became president of the Chilean Society of Sports Psychology (SPS) and promoted association among sports psychologists.

4th Period (2002-Present): Growth

• Growth and

Understanding the Session

A session is the cell in the general plan that develops a theme of the unit. It is the junction between the theoretical programming that has been previously developed and the practical reality that means pursuing each of the chosen activities.

Approaching the Session

Sessions should be planned carefully to enable compliance with principles such as:

• Making the development of content progressive
• Rational distribution of time
• Rational distribution and proper use of equipment and available space

A correct choice of learning activities, methodology, and organization is needed to achieve specific or immediate objectives. All this is aimed at achieving goals whose attainment measures the quality of teacher education and the efficiency... Continue reading "Effective Session Planning in Physical Education" »

1. Introduction

The main effects of physical activity on our body are:

• Slows physical deterioration that comes from age and inactivity.
• Reduces the chance of becoming overweight.
• Improves muscle function, and helps prevent respiratory and heart diseases.
• Provides a good general physical condition.

The energy expenditure required to maintain health through physical exercise must be met by a proper diet tailored to the individual's activity level. For example, intense exercise and poor diet are incompatible. A healthy diet provides the energy we need by consuming the right proportions of major nutrients (fats, proteins, etc.).

2. Basic Elements of a Proper Diet

• Carbohydrates

  Provide 50% of our energy needs. They are essential for brain function and are

Cutrera Recreational Games Classification

Gymnastic Games, Aerobics, or Philological

These games involve physical actions that require a certain level of activation. They often incorporate gymnastic or athletic elements and can be demanding aerobic activities.

Intellectual or Wit Games

These activities involve two fundamental aspects: firstly, the application of intellectual knowledge (pure knowledge), and secondly, the sharpening of wit. Sometimes, this involves solving complex problems, while at other times, it may simply involve humorous definitions.

Reaction or Attention Games

These games train the psychomotor speed of response to specific stimuli or require constant attention to avoid errors. They are very practical for restoring order in children'... Continue reading "Recreational Games: A Comprehensive Classification" »

Psychomotor Skills: Key Definitions and Concepts

Psychomotor Discipline

Psychomotor discipline aims at the harmonious development of a person through techniques that use motor experiences, cognitive and affective, enabling the relationship with oneself and with the outside world, regardless of age. It is used in the fields of prevention, rehabilitation, and treatment.

Types of Psychomotor Approaches

• Directive or Addressed Psychomotor: Based on the application of a psychomotor test set from which the patient's difficulties and the intervention designed to overcome the deficit are identified.
• Experiential or Relational Psychomotor: A more open pedagogical vision that considers the child the manager of their own learning through spontaneous play.

Body