Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

Introduction to OOP Concepts

This document presents practical code examples demonstrating fundamental Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts in both Delphi (Pascal) and C++. It covers class definitions, object instantiation, properties, events, static members, inheritance, polymorphism, memory management, and exception handling.

Delphi Object-Oriented Programming

The following Delphi code illustrates the creation of classes, properties, events, and static members, along with their usage in a console application.

program Cheat;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}

uses
  SysUtils, Classes;

type
  TNotify = procedure(Sender: TObject) of object;

  TEngine = class
    procedure Start;
    begin
      Writeln('Engine Started');
    end;
  end;

  TCar = class

Understanding Passive Voice and Reporting Verbs

1. Passive Voice with Modal Verbs

• Passive with Modal Verbs (Present):

  Subject + modal + be + past participle

  Example: This jacket should be worn in cold weather.

• Passive with Modal Verbs (Past):

  Subject + modal + have + been + past participle

  Example: My phone must have been stolen. (used to express a past situation)

2. Passive Voice with Infinitive or Verb + -ing

• Passive Infinitive:

  Subject + verb + to be + past participle

  Example: She hopes to be chosen for the school concert.

• Passive Verb + -ing (Gerund):

  Subject + verb + being + past participle

  Example: I hate being told what to eat.

3. Passive Voice with Reporting Verbs (General Beliefs)

• Passive with Reporting Verbs (to talk about general beliefs):

  Example:

Probability Concepts

• Union of Events: P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)
• Complement of an Event: P(A^c) = 1 - P(A)
• Intersection of B and Complement of A: P(B∩A^c) = P(B) - P(A∩B)
• Conditional Probability: P(B|A) = P(A∩B) / P(A)
• Intersection of Complements: P(A^c∩B^c) = 1 - P(A∪B)
• Mutually Exclusive Events: P(A∩B) = 0
• Independent Events: P(A∩B) = P(A)·P(B)

Binomial Distribution Parameters

• Mean (μ): μ = n·p
• Standard Deviation (σ): σ = √(n·p·q)

Binomial Distribution

Notation: B(n, p)

Probability Mass Function: P(X=a) = (ⁿ_a) p^a q^n-a

Where:

• n = number of trials
• p = probability of success
• q = complement of p (q = 1-p)

Normal Distribution

Notation: X ∼ N(μ, σ)

Important Probabilities:

• P(Z < a) or P(Z > a) can be found using a standard normal

1. Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

How to Simplify Algebraic Expressions

• Multiply numbers and letters together.
• Combine like terms (terms with the same letters and powers).

Example:
−2ac × 4bd = −8abcd

Example:
5ab − 8b²a + ba = 5ab − 8ab² + ab = −8ab² + 6ab

2. Expanding Brackets (Distributive Law)

How to Expand Brackets

• Multiply everything inside the bracket by what is outside.

Example:
−4(x + 7) = −4x − 28

Example:
5(x − 3) + 2(6 − x) = 5x − 15 + 12 − 2x = 3x − 3

3. Solving Equations

How to Solve Equations

• Get all variables (e.g., x's) on one side and numbers on the other.
• Perform the same operation on both sides of the equation.

Example:
3x + 2 = 17
3x = 15
x = 5

Example:
9x − 8 = 4x + 7
5x = 15
x = 3

4. Solving Inequalities

How

Journaling Motivation and Necessity

File System Check (FSck) ensures metadata consistency after crashes but is slow and requires deep file system knowledge. Recovery time should ideally depend on the number of recent writes.

File System Transactions and ACID Properties

Transactions provide ACID guarantees:

• Atomicity
• Consistency
• Isolation
• Durability

These are used to treat file system operations (like file creation) as transactions. Recovery ensures committed transactions are applied and uncommitted ones are discarded.

ext3 Journaling File System

ext3 is a journaling file system using physical redo logging, adding journaling to existing ext2 structures.

Redo Logging Mechanism in ext3

The process involves writing updates to a journal first, then committing... Continue reading "File System Journaling: Mechanisms, ext3, and NTFS Recovery" »

Maritime Meteorological Glossary

General Terms

Backing

Rolando

Becoming

Volverse

Blizzard

Ventisca

Cloud

Nube

Cloudy

Nuboso

Cold front

Frente frío

Current (jet stream)

Corriente de chorro

Cyclone

Ciclón

Dangerous semicircle

Semicírculo peligroso

Decreasing

Disminuyendo

Deepening

Profundizándose

Dense fog

Densa niebla

Dew point

Punto de rocío

Drizzle

Llovizna

Eastern

Oriental

Western

Occidental

Expected

Esperada

Eye of the storm

Ojo de la tempestad

Fair

Bueno

Filling

Rellenándose

Flow

Flujo

Fog patches

Bancos de niebla

Fog

Niebla

For a time

Por algún tiempo

Force

Fuerza

Forecast

Predicción

Front

Frente

Frost

Helada

Gale warning

Aviso de temporal

General synopsis

Situación general

GMT / UTC

Hora Greenwich / Hora universal

Gusts

Rachas

Heavy rain

Lluvia fuerte

High

Alta presión

High clouds

Nubes altas

Horse

Key Indigenous Concepts and Terminology

• Indigenous Historical Consciousness: The understanding of relationships between past, present, and future from an Indigenous perspective.
• Historicity: The idea that history is actively made and revolves around Indigenous peoples.
• Historical Recognition: Acknowledging the full and accurate historical narratives of Indigenous peoples.
• Sites of Pedagogy: Specific locations or contexts that serve as places of learning.
• Indigenousness: The holistic way of being, encompassing the deep connection between land and people as a whole.
• Sovereignty: The inherent right to self-governance and full rights for Indigenous nations.
• Métissage: The interweaving or separation of histories, often referring to cultural mixing or

Core Concepts in Compiler Design

Compiler

Compiler: Translates entire source code to target code before execution. It requires a full parse and upfront error checking, then executes the generated target code.

Interpreter

Interpreter: Executes source code incrementally (line-by-line or statement-by-statement). It translates and executes on the fly, and may partially execute ill-formed programs until an error is encountered.

LVar vs. x86 Architecture

LVar: Features nested expressions, implicit control flow (represented by an Abstract Syntax Tree - AST), and an unlimited number of logical variables.

x86: Characterized by flat instructions, atomic operands (registers/memory), explicit control flow (jumps), and a limited set of registers. Compilation passes... Continue reading "Core Concepts in Compiler Design and Language Runtime" »

English Vocabulary: Social Action and Community Engagement

Unit 4: Social Action Vocabulary

• Attend a rally: asistir a una manifestación
• Appeal: recurrir
• Campaign
• Campaigner
• Charity
• Donate / Donation
• Fundraising event: evento para recaudar fondos
• Fundraiser: recaudador de fondos
• Go on a march: ir a una marcha
• Raise awareness of: concienciar / sensibilizar
• Raise funds / money: recaudar fondos
• Sign a petition: firmar una petición
• Sit-in: sentada
• Sponsor: patrocinar
• Sponsorship: patrocinio / apadrinamiento
• Take part in a [cause/event]
• Volunteer
• Voluntary work

Unit 4: Key Collocations

• Animal charity
• Beach clean-up
• Cancer research
• Computer game
• Death penalty
• Endangered species
• Free debate
• Homeless person
• Informed decision
• Political engagement: compromiso político
• Legal age:

Advanced Technology Concepts: Nanotubes and Robotics

Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Benefits

What are Nanotubes?

Nanotubes are cylindrical molecules made of carbon atoms, possessing extraordinary strength and electrical properties.

Advantages over Traditional Materials:

• High strength
• Lightweight structure
• Excellent conductivity (electrical and thermal)
• Superior chemical stability

Androids Versus Automata

What is the difference between androids and automata?

Androids

Robots designed to resemble humans, often incorporating advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Automata

Mechanical devices that perform predefined actions, typically lacking human-like design or advanced AI.

Wireless Communication and Smart Systems

Key Wireless Systems

Name two common types of... Continue reading "Essential Concepts in Nanotechnology, AI, and Smart Systems" »