Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

Classical Music Era: Forms, Instruments, Reforms

Defining the Classical Period (Mid-18th to Early 19th)

The Classical period in music spans from the mid-18th to the early 19th century, generally marked by the death of J.S. Bach in 1750 and the premiere of Beethoven's Third Symphony, Eroica, in 1805.

Operatic Reforms by Christoph Willibald Gluck

Operatic reforms during the Classical period were primarily led by the composer Christoph Willibald Gluck, who sought to simplify opera and make it more dramatically coherent.

Key Musical Forms of the Classical Period

• Concerto: A musical composition where one solo instrument plays a leading role, accompanied by an orchestra.
• Symphony: A large-scale work of music composed specifically for an orchestra, typically

Essential Vocabulary and Phrases

Customer Service & Complaints

• Poor quality / Bad service
• Delivery (repartiment)
• Refund (retornar)
• Exchange (intercanvi)
• Free of charge (gratis)
• Disappointed with the service

Complaint Phrases:

• "I am writing because I would like to complain about the [product/service] which I ordered by post from your factory."
• "I think that you should..."
• "I would appreciate it if you would..."
• "Please reply as soon as possible."

Movie Review Terminology

• Dramatic (espectacular)
• Disappointing
• A masterpiece (obra mestra)
• A box-office hit (èxit de taquilla)
• "It's directed by..."
• "Is well worth seeing" (va valdre la pena)
• "You won't regret it" (no te'n penediràs)
• "Reported that..."
• "Added that..."

Reading Comprehension Exercises

Athlete Retirement

Uniform Civil Code in India

A common civil code, popularly known as the Uniform Civil Code (UCC), is a long-standing unresolved debate in independent India. This debate stems from Article 44 of the Indian Constitution, contained in Part 4 (Directive Principles of State Policy), which states the state shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India. Here, the term Uniform Civil Code (UCC) implies a set of common laws governing marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, and other such familial matters which would be applicable to all Indians, irrespective of their religion. Today, the members of each religious community follow their own respective sets of civil laws based on their religious history... Continue reading "Uniform Civil Code in India: History and the Shah Bano Case" »

Full Crown Veneer

Indications:

• Extensive destruction from caries or trauma
• Endodontically treated teeth
• Existing restorations
• Correction for occlusal plane

Contraindications:

• Less than maximum retention
• Esthetics

Advantages:

• Strong
• High retentive quality
• Easy to obtain
• Adequate resistance form

Disadvantages:

• Removal of large amount of tooth structure
• Adverse effect on tissues
• Vitality testing not readily feasible
• Display of metal

Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal (PFM) Crown

Indications:

• Esthetics if all-ceramic is contraindicated
• Gingival involvement

Contraindications:

• Large pulp chamber
• Intact buccal wall

Advantages:

• Superior esthetics compared to complete cast crown

Disadvantages:

• Removal of substantial tooth structure
• Subject to fracture
• Difficult to obtain accurate occlusion
• Shade

Philosophical Critiques of Descartes' "Cogito Ergo Sum"

Huet's Challenge to Cartesian Evidence

A critique, often attributed to Pierre Daniel Huet, questions the Cartesian "Cogito ergo sum." It posits that we cannot accept the existence of reason as self-evident if its establishment as the rule of evidence could have been manipulated by an evil genius.

Descartes' Answer: Descartes counters that reason is an intuitive truth that reveals itself; it does not merely validate a rule of evidence established on a provisional basis. On the contrary, finding that the existence of reason is an irrefutable truth is, in fact, legitimized by the rule of evidence (though, Descartes concedes, ultimately legitimized only by God).

Hume's Empiricist Critique of the

Representation of Preferences by Indifference Curves

An indifference curve shows the consumption baskets that yield the same level of satisfaction to the consumer. The consumer is indifferent between various combinations within the indifference curve. The slope at any point on an indifference curve is equal to the rate at which consumers are willing to substitute one good for another. This relationship is called the marginal rate of substitution (MRS). The rate at which a consumer is willing to trade Pepsi for pizza depends on who has more hunger or thirst, which depends in turn on how much pizza and Pepsi they have.

As a consumer prefers a larger quantity of goods, they prefer higher indifference curves to lower ones.

Four Properties of Indifference

Cisco Router and Switch Configuration

PPP Authentication

1. User Configuration (Matching Passwords on Both Routers)

router(config)# username <hostname_remote_router> password <password>

2. Interface Encapsulation Change

router(config-if)# encapsulation ppp

3.1 Enabling PAP Authentication

router(config-if)# encapsulation ppp
router(config-if)# ppp authentication pap
router(config-if)# ppp pap sent-username <local_username> password <password>

3.2 Enabling CHAP Authentication

router(config-if)# encapsulation ppp
router(config-if)# ppp authentication chap

DHCP Scope Configuration

router(config)# ip dhcp pool <POOL_NAME>
router(config-dhcp)# network <NETWORK_ADDRESS> <NETMASK>
router(config-dhcp)# default-router <GATEWAY_

Mamíferos: Las hembras tienen mamas que producen leche para alimentar a las crías, el cuerpo está cubierto por pelos. La función principal es proteger del frio al animal.
Pelaje: raíz dentro del funículo piloso .Los pelos nuevos sacan los pelos viejos. La glándula sebácea lo hace más flexible el pelo. Lana (largo y fino), cerda (áspero y grueso), vello (suave y corto) y púa (largo y puntiagudo)
La temperatura: Es constante. Si sube o baja la temperatura siempre se mantiene constante.
Hibernación: desciende -10 Cº / Duerme no come y se esconde.
Invernación: baja la temperatura pero un duerme profundamente, come y hace algunas actividades.
La fecundación interna se produce en el ovulo con el esperma.
Sistema digestivo: Boca -faringe-

System Types
The systems of equations can be classified by the number of solutions that can arise. According to that case may have the following cases:
· Incompatible system if it has no solution.
· Compatible system if you have any solution in this case can also distinguish between:
or compatible system determined when it has a finite number of solutions.
indeterminate or compatible system when it admits an infinite set of solutions.
Fitting and classification:

Calculating the rank of a matrix for determining

1. We can rule a line if:.
· All the coefficients are zeros.
· There are two equal lines.
• A line is proportional to another.
• A line is a linear combination of others.
Delete the third column because it is a linear... Continue reading "Matrices: multiplication, rank, determinant, inverse and Rouche-Frobenius theorem" »

THE MYSTERY OF THE HAUNTED CRYPT

1. - Summary of the book.

While a group of young inmates in an asylum was playing a football game, Dr. Sugrañes party amid calls one of them, exactly the protagonist of this story. The doctor tells Sugrañes accompany him to his office because it has an unexpected visitor. To his amazement, was the Commissioner Flores and a nun who was unaware of.

The reason that the commissioner flowers and the nun had come to see was: about 6 years ago a girl had disappeared without a trace one night, but the strange thing was that it appeared the next day with no memory of what happened. Well, a couple of days ago had been different in the same school girl who lived in the other and wanted him to take charge of the case.... Continue reading "The mystery of the haunted crypt" »