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Passive Voice & Quantifiers

Passive Voice

• do → is done
• is doing → is being done
• did → was done
• was doing → was being done
• have done → has been done
• had done → had been done
• will do → will be done
• is going to do → is going to be done

Quantifiers

• Large: a lot of, much (uncountable), many (countable), plenty of
• Small: a few (countable), little (uncountable)
• More or less: too big, too many, enough
• Zero: any, no

Relative Clauses

• that → who/which (ese/que)
• who → people (quien)
• which → things/animal (cual)
• where → places (dónde)
• whose → mean possession (cuyo)

Modals

must have → el conductor se debería haber perdido

might/may have → se debe haber comprado una casa nueva

could have → podrías haber evitado el accidente

should have → debería... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Passive Voice, Clauses & Conditionals" »

Key Business Acronyms

• CCP: Chinese Communist Party
• OCA: Online Choice Architecture
• EBIT: Earnings Before Interest and Taxes
• CRS: Corporate Social Responsibility
• GPS: Global Positioning System
• COGS: Cost of Goods Sold

Scott Galloway on the Modern Business Landscape

Professor Scott Galloway highlights oil as the most important commodity. However, in the current era, he argues that social media platforms like TikTok are the real deal, although he believes TikTok should be banned due to its links with the CCP, which he considers a tool of espionage.

Innovation Strategies of Supermajors

Supermajors, or large oil and gas companies, are employing innovative strategies such as:

• Emotional Resonance: Engaging users through comments and attractive content.
• Offloading

Essential English Vocabulary

Here's a list of useful English words and phrases, along with their meanings:

• To put off: To postpone or delay
• Stage: A step or phase in a process
• Prompt: On time or before the expected time
• Deadline: The last day or time by which something must be done
• Rush hour: Peak time when traffic is heaviest
• Sharp: Exactly on time (e.g., 9 o'clock sharp)
• Timing: The ability to do something at the right moment
• In a hurry: To be rushed or have a sense of urgency
• Plenty: A lot of; a large quantity
• Brief: Short in duration
• On time: Punctual; at the scheduled time
• At a time: At a particular moment
• Downtime: A period when you are less busy or doing fewer things
• Sidetracked: To be distracted from your main task
• Drag on: To continue for too long,

Renaissance Sculpture

Influence of Classical Sculpture

Renaissance sculpture was heavily influenced by classical Greek and Roman art. Artists studied and replicated the forms and ideals of ancient sculptures.

Characteristics

• Use of various materials: marble, bronze, ceramic, and wood.
• Expansion of themes: Mythological, historical, and portraiture subjects were introduced alongside traditional religious themes.
• Two main forms:
  1. Sculptures in the round: Freestanding sculptures viewable from all angles.
  2. Reliefs: Sculptures carved on flat surfaces.
• Pursuit of ideal beauty: Artists emphasized anatomical accuracy and harmonious proportions based on the study of the human body.

The Quattrocento (15th Century)

• Florence as the leading center.
• Notable artists:
  • Ghiberti:

Binary Parallel Adder

A binary parallel adder is a digital circuit that adds two binary numbers in parallel, meaning all bits are added simultaneously. It typically consists of full adders arranged in parallel, with each full adder adding corresponding bits from the two input numbers.

BCD Adder

A BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) adder is a specific type of binary parallel adder designed to add two BCD numbers. BCD numbers are decimal digits encoded in binary, where each decimal digit is represented by its 4-bit binary equivalent.

Truth Table for a 4-bit BCD Adder

Here's the truth table for a 4-bit BCD adder:

Diagram

In the truth table:

• A3 A2 A1 A0 represents the first BCD number (A).
• B3 B2 B1 B0 represents the second BCD number (B).
• Cin represents the carry-

We must remember that when the division happened, most of the Muslims did not follow Ali; they followed Abu Bakr. During Ali's imamate in 656, the third Caliph Rashidun, the first Fitna war (656-661) occurred. It ended because Ali agreed to negotiate with his enemy to avoid the brutal civil war. However, this was seen as treason by some Shia extremists because they argued that power given by God could not be negotiated. Therefore, Ali was assassinated.

The Rise of Muawiya and Imam Hasan's Role

After the end of the first Fitna, Muawiya ruled as caliph from 661 to 680. Hasan, the second Imam (661-670), accepted Muawiya as caliph because he did not want to continue the war that opposed Sunni vs. Shia. However, Shia thought Hasan practiced Taqiyya... Continue reading "Shia Islam: History, Beliefs, and Practices" »

Statistical Goals

• Describe: Explain what's happening in the data (e.g., mean, mode, average, minimum, variation).
• Explore: Understand how different variables relate to each other.
• Draw Inference: Test hypotheses or theories to make generalizations. Important: Correlation doesn't equal causation.
• Predict: Forecast future outcomes (e.g., weather networks).
• Draw Causal Inference: Determine cause-and-effect relationships, which requires experiments.

Variables in Statistics

Variable Types

1. Categorical (e.g., color, name, religion) vs. Numerical (Discrete: whole numbers OR Continuous: decimals, e.g., movie ranking).
2. • Nominal: Categories with no inherent order.
   • Ordinal: Categories with a meaningful order.
   • Interval: Ordered, equal intervals, but zero is arbitrary

Prehistory: The Dawn of Humanity

Prehistory is a term used to refer to the first and longest phase or age into which human history has been divided by Eurocentric/Western academic tradition. It covers most of the human past, around 2.8 million years, since the appearance of the first member of the hominid family: *Homo habilis*, the first to make and devise tools made of stone. At the beginning of the 19th century, a Danish archaeologist, Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, concluded that objects and tools made of stone tended to be older than those made of metal. He divided this remote human past into two main phases: the Stone Age and the Metal Age.

Subdivisions of the Stone Age

A few decades later, another archaeologist, John Lubbock, after studying... Continue reading "Human Prehistory: From Stone Tools to the Holocene" »

Napoleon

In 1802, Napoleon was named First Consul for life after his victory in Italy. In 1804, he was declared Emperor. He established the Civil Code, covering marriage, divorce, education, and inheritance.

Napoleon conquered many areas of Europe and spread Enlightened policies, but Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain tried to prevent it. Napoleon also had many problems when he invaded Spain and Russia. Finally, Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Napoleon in Spain

Napoleon's Occupation of Spain

Charles IV and his minister Manuel Godoy supported Napoleon against Britain, but Spain was defeated at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805).

In 1807, Spain and France signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau, by which Charles IV let the French troops... Continue reading "Napoleon's Reign and the Spanish War of Independence" »

Past Simple

Affirmative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they watched. Translation: I watched.

Negative

I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn't watch.

Interrogative

Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they watch?

Past Continuous

Affirmative

I/he/she/it was watching Translation: I was watching.

we/they/you were watching

Negative

I/he/she/it wasn't watching

we/they/you weren't watching

Present Simple

Affirmative

I/you/we/they play Translation: I play

he/she/it plays

Negative

I/you/we/they don't play

he/she/it doesn't play

Present Continuous

Affirmative

I am reading Translation: I am reading

He/she/it is reading

we/they/you are reading

Negative

I am not reading

He/she/it isn't reading

we/they/you aren't reading

Present Perfect

Affirmative

I/you/we/they have finished Translation: I have finished

he/she/it has finished

Negative

I/... Continue reading "Essential English Grammar Reference" »