Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

Functions of a Financial Market

• Connecting Buyers and Sellers: Facilitates the meeting of buyers and sellers of financial assets without needing a physical location.
• Issuance and Exchange of Assets: Supports the creation (primary markets) and subsequent trading (secondary markets) of financial assets.
• Price Determination: Establishes the prices of financial assets through various pricing mechanisms, such as supply and demand or predetermined conditions.
• Public Information: Disseminates information about asset prices, trading mechanisms, and pricing systems.
• Providing Liquidity: Ensures that assets can be easily converted into cash without significant loss of value.
• Reducing Transaction Costs: Lowers the costs related to finding counterparts and determining

Study of Socioeconomic Problems and Needs: D: An analysis of socioeconomic needs is conducted to identify the issues that public funds should address.R: It is crucial to ensure that funds are allocated to areas that truly need them, aligning program objectives with the real needs of society.Issuance of Call for Proposals Terms and Conditions:D: Objectives, beneficiaries, eligible concepts, and deadlines of the call are defined.R: This stage ensures transparency and clarity in eligibility criteria and program objectives, facilitating the participation of companies and other interested parties.Publication of the Call:D: The call is made public so that interested parties can submit their applications.R: It is fundamental to ensure that all stakeholders... Continue reading "Public Funding Program Lifecycle: From Needs Analysis to Impact Assessment" »

Defining Communication

One possible definition: "To create and interpret messages that imply a potential answer" (Em Griffin)

Shannon-Weaver Model (1948)

In 1948, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver developed the Mathematical Theory of Communication.

Elements: Sender, Message, Receiver, Code, Channel, Context, and Noise.

Organizational Theory

"An organization is a social institution in which its members carry out a series of activities, has a relatively stable structure over time, and tends towards certain goals" (Bernard Kliksberg)

Management Guru

PETER DRUCKER

Pioneers of Public Relations

Eduard Bernays

• Created the concept of "Public Relations advisor."
• Active career of 40 years working for large clients (Caruso, Eisenhower, General Motors...).
• First professor

Finding Belonging: A Migrant's Journey

The Challenge of "Country"

Initially, the concept of "country" seemed too broad. However, discussions revealed its potential for exploring the impact of place on identity and belonging. This piece delves into the complexities of migrating to an unfamiliar country, focusing on the search for security through employment.

A Migrant's Internal Struggles

The narrative aims to provide readers with a deeper understanding of the everyday challenges faced by migrants. It targets those who have personally experienced migration or know someone who has. The story is told from the first-person perspective of a woman grappling with isolation after arriving in Australia.

Inspiration and Literary Techniques

Inspired by "The... Continue reading "Finding Belonging: A Migrant's Journey of Identity and Employment" »

Social media has profoundly transformed the way we communicate and interact with the world. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have created virtual communities where information spreads at lightning speed, connecting people across the globe. This digital revolution facilitates the exchange of ideas and fosters global awareness, making it easier than ever to stay informed and engaged with current events and diverse perspectives.

The Double-Edged Sword of Social Media

However, this transformation is a double-edged sword. Social media poses significant challenges, such as:

• Misinformation
• Privacy breaches
• Addictive behaviors

The curated reality presented online often leads to unrealistic comparisons and mental health struggles, impacting... Continue reading "Social Media's Impact on Communication and Society" »

Insertion Sort Algorithm

def insertion_sort(arr) :

for i in range(1, len(arr)):

key = arr[i]

j = i - 1

while j >= 0 and key < arr[j]:

arr[j + 1] = arr[j]

j -= 1

arr[j + 1] = key

# Example usage:

arr = [12, 11, 13, 5, 6]

insertion_sort(arr)

print("Sorted array is:", arr)

Binary Search Algorithm

def binary_search(arr, target):

left, right = 0, len(arr) - 1

while left <= right:

mid = (left + right) // 2

if arr[mid] == target:

return mid

elif arr[mid] < target:

left = mid + 1

else:

right = mid - 1

return -1

# Example usage:

arr = [2, 3, 4, 10, 40]

target = 10

result = binary_search(arr, target)

if result != -1:

print("Element

Hypothesis Testing

Statistical Test Selection

1. If the population standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is less than 30: t-test

2. If the population standard deviation is known and the sample size is less than 30: t-test

7. Hypothesis test on population mean; n = 25; σ = 2.5: z-test

8. Hypothesis test on population mean; n = 50; s = 7.2: z-test

18. Test statistic for sample size above 30: z-test

19. Test statistic when population standard deviation is known: z-test

20. Test statistic when population standard deviation is unknown: t-test

21. When to use the t-test: I and II

24. Optimal sample size for z-test: Equal to or larger than 30

Hypotheses and Significance

3. H₀: μ = 30

4. H₁: μ > 30

5. No

9. False: The alternative hypothesis typically... Continue reading "Hypothesis Testing: A Concise Statistical Method Reference" »

English Language Practice: Advanced Skills Review

1. Essential Collocations and Phrases

• a. They are engaged.
• b. Don't ignore.
• c. I envy you.
• d. A very nice discount.
• e. Could I borrow?
• f. They got divorced.
• g. My favorite shopping spree.
• h. If you can lend, pay back.
• i. In my budget.
• j. We have grown apart.

2. Mastering Prepositions

• Don't stare at.
• Are going to be on.
• Always depend on.
• Complaining about.
• We have run out of.

3. Gerunds and Infinitives in Use

• Keen on going.
• Have decided to buy.
• We can afford to eat.
• Smoking is a bad habit.
• We stopped to say.

4. Business and Money Idioms

• Been on another shopping spree.
• They will go out of business.
• Only just make ends meet.
• I'm going to be worth it.
• I'm not sure it will foot the bill.
• Is going to shop around.
• If you live beyond

Reported Speech

Statements

1. She said (that) he worked in a bank.
2. She told me (that) they went out last night.
3. She said (that) she was coming.
4. She told me (that) she had been waiting for the bus when he arrived.
5. She said (that) she had never been there before.
6. She told me (that) she didn't go to the party.
7. She said (that) Lucy would come later.
8. She told me (that) he hadn't eaten breakfast.
9. She said (that) she could help me tomorrow.
10. She told me (that) I should go to bed early.
11. She told me (that) she didn't like chocolate.
12. She said (that) she wouldn't see me tomorrow.
13. She said (that) she was living in Paris for a few months.
14. She told me (that) she visited her parents at the weekend.
15. She said (that) she hadn't eaten sushi before.
16. She said (that) she hadn't travelled

Board Meeting Minutes

Date: May 20, 2024

Present:

• John Smith (Chairman)
• Sarah Johnson (CEO)
• Michael Lee (CFO)
• Emily Clark (COO)
• David Brown (Head of Logistics)

Absent:

None

1. Call to Order/Opening Remarks

The meeting commenced promptly at 9:00 AM, with John Smith, the Chairman, presiding. John Smith welcomed all attendees and expressed gratitude for their participation.

2. Approval of the Minutes from May 15, 2024

Motion: To approve the minutes of the previous meeting held on May 15, 2024, as circulated.

Motion By: Sarah Johnson

Seconded By: Michael Lee

Carried unanimously by all present members.

3. Additions to the Agenda

No additional items were proposed for inclusion in the agenda.

4. Approval of the Agenda

Motion: To approve the agenda as circulated.

Motion