Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other courses

Template for Compounding Analysis

The word [TARGET WORD] can be illustrated in the following context: "[EXAMPLE SENTENCE USING THE WORD]"

[TARGET WORD] is an example of compounding, a word-formation process in which the combination of [COMPONENT ELEMENTS] (e.g., two free morphemes, two roots) functions both semantically and grammatically as a single unit. This term, therefore, illustrates a major morphological process.

Detailed Morphological Structure

• Grammatical Class: [TARGET WORD] is a [GRAMMATICAL CLASS OF THE TERM] (e.g., nominal compound, adjectival compound).
• Composition: It is made up of [DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE] (e.g., two free forms: the noun X and the verb Y; or the adjective X and the noun Y).
• Structural Type: It follows

Foundations of Modern Thought: The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment introduced new ideas that fundamentally changed the world.

Core Principles

• Sovereignty of Reason: Reason was elevated above religion, encouraging people to think logically.
• Political Reform: A movement advocating for fair and just governments.
• Natural Rights: Rights inherent to individuals simply by virtue of being alive.
• Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: The core values of freedom, equality, and brotherhood for all.
• Tolerance: Respect for all opinions and religious beliefs.

Dissemination of Ideas

• Spread of Ideas: New concepts were widely distributed through books and newspapers.
• Salons: Important meeting places where thinkers and intellectuals gathered to discuss philosophy.
• The Encyclopedia:

Managerial Decision-Making and Business Analytics

Types of Managerial Decisions

To effectively plan, coordinate, and lead, managers make several types of decisions:

• Strategic Decisions: Address high-level issues and the overall direction of the organization. They define future goals and are long-term and complex.
• Tactical Decisions: Focus on how to achieve the goals and objectives set by the strategy. These are typically made by mid-level management for the medium term.
• Operational Decisions: Pertain to day-to-day operations. They are made by operations managers and are often simple and routine.

The Decision-Making Process (DMP)

A structured approach to decision-making involves several key steps:

1. Identify and define the problem.
2. Determine the criteria

Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary sources are produced at the time of the event or by someone directly involved.

Primary Sources

These are original, firsthand accounts or direct evidence related to a topic. Examples include:

• Historical documents (e.g., diaries, letters, official records)
• Original research studies or experiments
• Artwork, photographs, or videos
• Literary texts, speeches, & interviews
• Data sets or survey results

Secondary Sources

These analyze, interpret, or summarize primary sources. They provide secondhand information & often add context or commentary. Examples include:

• Textbooks
• Biographies
• Review articles
• Essays or critiques
• Histories or documentaries

Academic Integrity and Referencing

What Is Plagiarism?

Presenting work or ideas... Continue reading "Mastering Academic Writing: Sources, Citations, and Structure" »

Poetic Forms and Structure

Sonnet Structures

• Shakespearean Sonnet: A 14-line poem structured with three quatrains (ABAB CDCD EFEF) followed by one couplet (GG).
• Italian Sonnet (Petrarchan): A 14-line poem structured with two quatrains (ABBA ABBA) followed by a sestet (often CDECDE or CDCDCD).

Literary Movements and Historical Context

Key Revolutions

Historical shifts that influenced literary thought:

• Industrial Revolution: Focus on Nature and the pastoral.
• Scientific Revolution: Boom in science and rationality.
• French Revolution: Emphasis on emotional and political upheaval.

Major Literary Movements

Metaphysical Poetry

John Donne is considered one of the great metaphysical poets: a poetic genre characterized by the use of paradox and complicated (often... Continue reading "Essential Literary Terms, Movements, and Poetic Forms" »

Social Justice: Definition and Explanation

Definition: Social justice is the moral and social principle that seeks to ensure fair access for all people and groups to the goods, opportunities, and rights necessary for human dignity.

Explanation: It goes beyond material equality; it aims at equity, solidarity, and respect for human dignity.

It ensures that everyone can participate in the economic, political, and social life of the community.

In Catholic Social Teaching, it is rooted in love of neighbor and the dignity of the human person, not in ideology.

The Principle of Subsidiarity

Definition: A principle that states a higher authority should not interfere in what a lower level can accomplish by itself, but should support (subsidium) when necessary.... Continue reading "Core Principles of Catholic Social Teaching" »

Talent Acquisition and Candidate Selection

Key Definitions

• Recruitment: Attracting potential candidates.
• Selection: Evaluating and choosing the right candidate.

The ASA Model (Attraction-Selection-Attrition)

• Attraction: People are drawn to organizations with similar values.
• Selection: Organizations hire those who fit the culture and job requirements.
• Attrition: Misfits leave, leading to cultural homogeneity (risk: reduced diversity).

Concept of "Fit"

• Person–Job Fit: Matching skills against job requirements.
• Person–Organization Fit: Alignment of individual values with organizational culture.

Why Fit Matters

Higher performance, satisfaction, and retention. However, too much focus on fit can hurt diversity and innovation.

Recruitment and Selection Strategies

• Recruitment

Define Machine Learning. Briefly explain the types of learnings.

Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that enables computers to learn automatically from data and improve their performance on a task without being explicitly programmed. It focuses on developing algorithms that can identify patterns and make predictions or decisions.

Types of Learning in Machine Learning:

1. Supervised Learning:

   • The model is trained using labeled data (input-output pairs).

   • It learns the relationship between input and output to make predictions.

   • Examples: Classification (e.G., spam detection), Regression (e.G., price prediction).

2. Unsupervised Learning:

   • The model is trained using unlabeled data (no predefined output).

   • It finds hidden patterns or

Pre-Prosthetic Management of the Residual Limb

Pre-prosthetic management of a residual limb is a crucial phase in the rehabilitation process for individuals who have undergone an amputation. The primary goal is to prepare the residual limb for a prosthetic device, ensuring optimal fit, function, and comfort.

Objectives of Pre-Prosthetic Management

• Wound Healing: Promote healing of the surgical site to prevent infection and complications.
• Edema Control: Reduce swelling to achieve a stable limb shape, facilitating prosthetic fitting.
• Pain Management: Manage pain and discomfort through medication, positioning, and other interventions.
• Limb Shaping: Achieve a well-shaped residual limb to ensure a comfortable and functional prosthetic fit.
• Range of Motion:

Understanding Kurtosis: Distribution Shape

Kurtosis is a statistical measure that describes the shape of a distribution’s tails compared to a normal distribution. It tells us whether the data are heavy-tailed or light-tailed.

In simple terms, kurtosis indicates the degree of peakedness and the presence of outliers in data.

Types of Kurtosis

• Mesokurtic: Normal distribution (kurtosis = 3).
• Leptokurtic: More peaked, heavy tails (kurtosis > 3).
• Platykurtic: Flatter peak, light tails (kurtosis < 3).

Key Concepts in Hypothesis Testing

1. Null Hypothesis (H₀)

It is a statistical statement that assumes no effect or no difference.

Example: “There is no difference between two groups.”

2. Alternative Hypothesis (H₁ / Hₐ)

It is the opposite of the... Continue reading "Key Statistical Concepts: Kurtosis & Hypothesis Testing" »