Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Other courses

To Be

Present Past

I am (yo soy) I was (yo era)

You are (usted está) You were (usted estaba)

He is (él es) He was (él era)

She is (ella es) She was (ella era)

It is (eso es) It was (eso era)

We are (nosotros somos) We were (nosotros éramos)

They are (ellos son) They were (ellos eran)

To be (past) + verb (ing)

• Present Simple

- Affirmative: Personal Pronoun + Verb

Personal Pronoun + Verb + -s (3rd person singular)

- Negative: Personal Pronoun + do/hacer (does/hace) + not + Verb

Am and are = do; is = does

- Interrogative: Do/Does + Personal Pronoun + Verb?

• Past Simple

- Affirmative: Personal Pronoun + Verb (-ed or irregular)

Examples of irregular verbs: blow/blew, forget/forgot, understand/understood, tell/told, run/

Crystalline Solids

Crystal Lattice

The main characteristic of crystalline solids is a regular and repeating pattern of constituent particles. A crystal lattice is a three-dimensional arrangement of points in space, representing the arrangement of these particles.

Unit Cells

Unit cells are the smallest repeating units in a crystal lattice. They are broadly divided into two categories:

• Primitive Unit Cells: Constituent particles are present only at the corners.
• Centred Unit Cells: Contain particles at positions other than corners, in addition to those at the corners. There are three types of centered unit cells:
  • Body-Centred Unit Cells: Contain one particle at the body-center, besides those at the corners.
  • Face-Centred Unit Cells: Contain one particle

SIGNAL

SIGNAL: electromagnetic field which, thanks to its variations, is able to convey information from one place to another. It can be ANALOGUE (continuous) or DIGITAL (sequence).

MODULATION: the process of varying a periodic signal (car: constant amplitude and frequency) to use it for conveying some information. It can be done through AMPLITUDE (amplitude of carrier modified according to changes on modulating signal), FREQUENCY (frequency of carrier modified according to changes on modulating signal), or PHASE (phase of carrier is...). The transmitted modulated signal uses a frequency band around the carrier frequency. Reasons to use modulation: No signal mixing, long communication range, reduced antenna size.

ATTENUATION: As a signal propagates... Continue reading "Signal, Modulation, Attenuation, and Multiplexing in Communication Systems" »

Structural Components of Viruses

• Capsid: Protein shell that encloses a viral genome; may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape
• Viral envelopes: Membrane that cloaks the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

Viruses can only reproduce within host cells because they lack metabolic enzymes, ribosomes, and other equipment for making proteins.

• Identifying host cells: "Lock and key" fit between proteins on the outside of the virus and specific receptor molecules on the host's surface (which originally evolved for functions that benefit the host).

Bacterial Defenses Against Phages

While phages have the potential to wipe out a bacterial colony in just hours, bacteria have defenses against phages:

• Natural

Lincoln Cathedral

It was the tallest building in the world for 238 years. After came Gizeh.

Architect: Bishop Remigious

Patron: William the Conqueror

Style: Gothic

Century: Consecrated 11 May 1092

Stonehenge

Architect:

Patron:

Style: Prehistoric monument

Century: Constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC.

Great Pyramids, Gizeh, Egypt: It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.

Architect:

Patron:

Style: Prehistoric

Century: 2580-2560 BC

The Parthenon, Athens, Greece: dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron.

Architect: Iktinos, Callicrates

Patron: Athenian Empire

Style: Classical Greece

Century: Completed 432 BC

Maison Carree, Nimes, France the Maison Carree was dedicated... Continue reading "Historic Architectural Masterpieces Around the World" »

Edward the confessor- Harold vs Tostig- William- Battle of hastings. JSDIC.

Loss- King John lost Norm.- E & F broken, 1st concern(king nobles),Own Pol&Econ

E- NAtion - E non ultivate. E Not merely a geo term but once more a nation.

MeLIT - 1150-1250 "The period of Rel record", English was absent inb works

Appealing to courtly tastes, lang of midd low clases F top

1250-1350 " T + Secular Lit In English -- wider diff engl lang & adopted all class

1350-1400- "the Period of GIR". GC - Troilus& Criseyde" - Canter T.

W. Langland- social allegory / John Wycliffe putative transl of BIBLE, Sir gawain

and the Green Knight and the three allegorical religious poems. + 15 th period

Real Arthur.

No one has answered the question of the King Arthur being... Continue reading "The Evolution of the Arthurian Legend" »

1. Final call of ₹3 per share was yet to be made. Calculate the maximum discount at which these shares can be reissued. X Ltd. invited applications for 500, 12% debentures of ₹100 each at a 5% discount. These debentures were redeemable after five years at par. Applications for 600 debentures were received. Pro-rata allotment was made to all applications. Pass necessary journal entries for the debenture issue, assuming the whole amount was payable with application. P and Q, partners sharing profits and losses equally, had fixed capitals of ₹2,00,000 and ₹3,00,000, respectively. The partnership deed provided 12% p.a. interest on capital. For the year ended March 31, 2016, profits were distributed without providing interest on capital. Pass

Growth of Cantonments in India

Establishment and Purpose

For the defense of their Empire, the British Government established cantonments at strategic locations. They also built cantonments on the borders of important native states to control disturbances and monitor rulers' activities.

Initiation and Expansion

In 1765, Lord Robert Clive initiated the policy of building cantonments to keep British troops"cantone" in one place, enforcing discipline and military lifestyle while maintaining a sanitized environment. During that time, there were 62 cantonments in India.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, significant cantonments were established in Lahore, Peshawar, Ferozpur, Agra, Bareilly, Jalandhar, Jhansi, Nagpur, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, and Delhi.... Continue reading "Cantonments in India and Colonial Architectural Styles in Bombay" »

Health: Advantages and Challenges

Nowadays, health is important for everyone. There are many reasons to take care of it, but it also presents challenges. In this essay, we will have a look at both sides of the argument.

The Benefits of Prioritizing Health

On the one hand, taking care of our bodies keeps us feeling strong and energetic. Regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and sufficient sleep prevent illnesses like heart disease and obesity. Also, mental wellbeing is essential for overall health. Another advantage is that healthy habits contribute to a longer, more fulfilling life. Avoiding substances like alcohol and attending regular check-ups can increase lifespan and improve health.

Health Challenges in the Modern World

On the other hand, not... Continue reading "Health and Remote Work: Advantages & Challenges" »

Washington Irving – The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820)

At the time, in the decades following the Revolutionary War, the United States was in the process of constructing a national identity. Many Americans felt that the young nation lacked a cultural identity, as well as a national mythology and folklore.

Unreliability of Stories

One of Washington Irving's main messages in 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow' is the need to question stories, whether they are legends that have been handed down, tales told among friends, or contemporary works of fiction and nonfiction. By using and explaining a complex framing device, Irving sets readers up to question the story's veracity. It is the story of Ichabod Crane as narrated by Diedrich Knickerbocker, who heard... Continue reading "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow: Unreliability of Stories and the Supernatural" »