Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other courses

Cranial Synchondroses and Closure Times

Synchondroses are temporary cartilaginous joints crucial for craniofacial growth:

1. Spheno-occipital: Located between the occipital and sphenoidal base. Closes at 18–20 years old.
2. Inter-sphenoidal: Located between the anterior and posterior sphenoid. Closes before birth (prenatally).
3. Spheno-ethmoidal: Located between the sphenoidal and ethmoidal bones. Closes at 5–7 years old.
4. Intra-occipital: Located inside the occipital bone. Closes at 3–5 years old.

Etiology of Local Malocclusion

Local factors contributing to malocclusion are categorized as Hereditary, Acquired, or Other:

• Hereditary Manifestations:
  • Skeletal manifestation
  • Soft tissue manifestation
  • Dental manifestations
• Acquired Factors:
  • Trauma (Macro trauma,

BPSK Signal Generation

This section demonstrates the generation of a Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) signal using Python.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def bpsk_detect(modulated_signal, carrier):
    return np.sign(modulated_signal * carrier)

message_frequency = 10
carrier_frequency = 20
sampling_frequency = 30 * carrier_frequency
t = np.arange(0, 4/carrier_frequency, 1/sampling_frequency)
message = np.sign(np.cos(2 * np.pi * message_frequency * t) + np.random.normal(scale = 0.01, size = len(t)))
carrier = np.cos(2 * np.pi * sampling_frequency/carrier_frequency * t)
modulated_signal = carrier * message
detected_message = bpsk_detect(modulated_signal, carrier)

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))
plt.subplot(4, 1, 1)
plt.plot(t,

Common Oral Benign Lesions and Tumors

6. Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma (PGCG)

Reactive lesion.

Key Features:

• Prevalence: More common in females and older individuals.
• Site: Exclusively on the gingiva or alveolar mucosa.
• Etiology: Local irritation or trauma.

Clinical Characteristics:

• Color: Dark red.
• Surface: Often hemorrhagic and may be ulcerated.
• Appearance: Sessile or pedunculated mass.

Radiographic Features (X-ray):

• May show superficial bone resorption, sometimes described as "saucerization" or a "cupping effect".
• Can appear as an ill-defined radiolucent (RL) area if bone is involved.

Histopathology:

Characterized by three zones:

1. Zone of Hyperplastic Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Often shows acanthosis and hyperkeratosis.
2. Giant Cell-Free Zone: A band

The Chemical Company Scandal

John Duncan went to a chemical company and asked David Wilson for a job. Wilson gave him an opportunity. John investigated the new paint the company produced alongside his new coworker, Mary. The results were nasty: baby rats were born with six legs or no eyes.

At that moment, John Duncan lived in a very big house near the river. One day, they saw news in a newspaper stating that baby seals were dead. Christine, who was married to Simon and had a baby, was involved. Before this, John confessed the truth.

The factory was closed. John sold his house, and in the end, he lived in a little house near the sea.

Character Profiles

• John Duncan: An old, unfortunate, and sociable man.
• Christine: John Duncan's daughter, who eventually

Representation of Preferences by Indifference Curves

An indifference curve shows the consumption baskets that yield the same level of satisfaction to the consumer. The consumer is indifferent between various combinations within the indifference curve. The slope at any point on an indifference curve is equal to the rate at which consumers are willing to substitute one good for another. This relationship is called the marginal rate of substitution (MRS). The rate at which a consumer is willing to trade Pepsi for pizza depends on who has more hunger or thirst, which depends in turn on how much pizza and Pepsi they have.

As a consumer prefers a larger quantity of goods, they prefer higher indifference curves to lower ones.

Four Properties of Indifference

1. Approach to the Grammar Translation Method (GTM)

The Grammar Translation Method (GTM) is based on a structural view of language. Language is seen as a system made up of grammar rules, sentence structures, and vocabulary that students learn step by step. Learning a language means understanding and mastering these forms, especially grammar and word meaning.

From this perspective, language acquisition happens mainly through conscious analysis and comparison between the first language (L1) and the foreign language (L2). Translation is a key tool because it helps students understand how sentences are built and how meaning transfers from one language to another.

Regarding learning, this method focuses on cognitive processes such as thinking, memorizing... Continue reading "The Grammar Translation Method: Structure and Application" »

1. Boot Sector Virus

• It is a type of virus which infects the master boot record (portion of the hard disk which helps to load the OS) or hard disks.
• The infected code runs when the system is booted from an infected disk.
• They infect at a BIOS level (BIOS checks hardware and loads the OS).
• They use DOS commands (text-based commands used to perform tasks such as file management, disk management, and running programs) to spread to other floppy disks. Since floppy disks are rarely used now, the propagation of boot sector viruses has almost ended.
• With the boot-sector safeguards in operating systems, boot-sector viruses can no longer infect computers.
• This virus can infect a computer only during boot-up. Once the system has started and the OS is running,

1. Article Usage Rules

The article is a part of speech used before a noun, functioning as a noun determiner.

1.1. Names of Seasons

• Seasons are used without articles if they denote a general time of the year. Example: It was spring. I like spring.
• The definite article (the) is used when seasons are modified by a particularizing attribute or when the situation makes them definite. Example: It happened in the spring of 1930. The spring was cold and rainy.
• The indefinite article (a/an) is used when seasons are modified by a descriptive attribute. Example: It was a cold spring.
• When names of seasons are modified by the adjectives early or late, no articles are used. Example: It was early spring.

1.2. Parts of the Day

Parts of the day are used without articles:... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Articles, Pronouns, Adjectives" »

Hot and Cold Working Processes

Hot Working: This involves deforming a metal above its recrystallization temperature. The metal recrystallizes during the process, so it does not get harder or brittle while being worked.

Cold Working: This involves deforming a metal below its recrystallization temperature. This causes "strain hardening," making the metal stronger but also more brittle.

Metal Extrusion and Its Benefits

Extrusion can produce complex cross-sections that are impossible with rolling. It offers high material utilization (very little waste) and good mechanical properties, especially in cold extrusion. This process works for both brittle and ductile materials.

Common Applications of Extrusion

• Aluminum: Window frames, sliding door tracks, and

Unit 3: Core C Programming Concepts

Extracting Digits of a Number

Extracting digits of a number is a fundamental programming task used in various computational problems, such as reversing a number, checking for palindromes, or performing digit-based calculations. There are two main approaches: right-to-left extraction and left-to-right extraction.

Right-to-Left Extraction

In right-to-left extraction, the modulus operator (%) is used to obtain the last digit of the number, while integer division (/) removes the last digit after processing. For example, for the number 1234:

• 1234 % 10 gives 4.
• 1234 / 10 gives 123.

This process is repeated until the number becomes zero, allowing each digit to be handled individually.

Left-to-Right Extraction

Left-to-right... Continue reading "C Programming: Numerical Algorithms and Control Flow" »