Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other courses

C: Collaborative to Curriculum

• Collaborative writing: Writing done together in pairs or groups.
• Communicative approach / Communicative language teaching: Method focused on using language for real communication.
• Communicative speaking activities: Tasks where students use language to communicate meaningfully.
• Comprehensible input: Language that learners can understand, slightly above their level.
• Continuous assessment: Ongoing evaluation of students’ progress during a course.
• Controlled practice: Activities with limited language choices to practise accuracy.
• Controller: Teacher role where the teacher directs and manages the class.
• Cross-curricular: Connecting different subjects in learning.
• Cue: A prompt that helps students respond or produce language.

A

• Accuracy: Using language correctly without mistakes in grammar, vocabulary, or pronunciation.
• Accurately: Doing something with correct language use, without errors.
• Achievement: What a student has learned or accomplished after a period of study.
• Achievement tests: Tests used to measure what students have learned at the end of a course or unit.
• Acquisition: Learning a language naturally through exposure, without consciously studying rules.
• Action research: A process where teachers study their own teaching to improve it.
• Additional possibilities: Extra activities prepared in case there is extra time in class.
• Affect: Emotions and feelings that influence learning (e.g., motivation, anxiety).
• Agency: The learner’s ability to take control and make decisions

1. Verb Only

“I’m really sorry,” she apologized. (agree, apologise, refuse)

2. Verb + That Clause

“I hacked into the company’s accounts system.” He admitted (that) he had hacked into the company’s accounts system.

Verbs: accept, acknowledge, add, admit, advise, agree, announce, answer, argue, assume, believe, boast, comment, complain, concede, conclude, confess, consider, continue, deny, doubt, exclaim, expect, explain, foresee, imagine, imply, insist, know, mention, notice, observe, point out, predict, promise, propose, remark, remind, reply*, report, respond, reveal, say, shout*, state, suggest, vow, whisper.

3. Verb + Object + That Clause

“Don’t worry, you’ll arrive on time.” She reassured me that I would arrive on time.

Verbs:

What is Working Capital?

Working capital is the capital required for the day-to-day working of an enterprise. It is required for the purchase of raw materials and for meeting the day-to-day expenditure on salaries, wages, rents, advertising, etc. Working capital is also called circulating capital, revolving capital, floating capital, or liquid capital. It is also known as operating capital.

Components of Working Capital

A. Current Assets

Current assets are those assets which can be converted into cash in the normal course of activity of a firm, usually within one year. Examples of current assets include:

• Cash and short-term investments
• Bank balance
• Bills Receivable (B/R)
• Stock of raw material
• Stock of finished goods
• Sundry debtors
• Prepaid expenses
• Advance

Comparing COSO ERM and ISO 31000 Frameworks

ISO 31000 is a broader and more flexible guideline suitable for any organization. In contrast, COSO ERM is more structured and more closely linked to strategy, performance, governance, and value. In practice, ISO is easier to adapt, while COSO is stronger for formal strategic implementation.

Defining Risk Management: ISO vs. COSO

The definitions differ in focus:

• ISO: Defines risk management as coordinated activities to direct and control an organization regarding risk.
• COSO: Defines it as culture, capabilities, and practices integrated with strategy and performance.

The implication is that ISO is more process-focused, while COSO is more strategy-focused.

The Role of Internal Controls

Controls reduce inherent

Common English Expressions

Master these essential expressions to improve your fluency and natural communication.

Prepositions

Why Modern Factories Relocate to Suburbs and Rural Areas

• Land Requirements: New factories require large tracts of land.
• Construction Style: Facilities are built horizontally rather than vertically.
• Transportation Shifts: A transition from rail to truck-based logistics.
• Cost Efficiency: Land is significantly cheaper in suburban areas.

Just-in-Time (JIT) Delivery

JIT delivery involves the shipment of parts and materials to arrive moments before they are needed in the production process.

Factors Affecting JIT Delivery

• Natural Hazards: Poor weather conditions.
• Traffic: Delays caused by road congestion.
• Labor Unrest: Strikes at supplier plants.
• Health Emergencies: Global events like the COVID-19 pandemic.
• National Security: Disruptions caused by war or geopolitical

How to Plan a Presentation

Effective planning requires careful consideration of the following elements:

• Occasion: The context of the event.
• Audience: Understanding who you are addressing.
• Purpose: The primary goal of your talk.
• Thesis Statement: The core message you wish to convey.
• Material: The research and content supporting your points.

Types of Presentations

• Informative: Providing facts and data.
• Persuasive: Influencing the audience's viewpoint.
• Motivational: Inspiring action or change.
• Instructive: Teaching a specific skill or process.

Presentation Methods and Techniques

Choose the delivery style that best suits your needs:

• Impromptu or Unscripted: Speaking without prior preparation.
• Memorizing: Learning the content by heart.
• Extemporaneous: Speaking

Mastering Descriptive Writing

To effectively describe a situation in writing, consider the following techniques:

1. Use Figurative Language

Enhance your narrative by incorporating similes, metaphors, and expressive imagery.

2. Include Sensory Details

Bring scenes to life by describing:

• Visual appearance
• Auditory elements
• Emotional feelings
• Tastes and smells

3. Use Dialogue

Dialogue helps bring a situation to life, providing the reader with immediate context and character dynamics.

4. Use Descriptive Adjectives

Adjectives help define the atmosphere of a situation. Examples include:

• Peaceful or Serene
• Chaotic or Stressful
• Tense
• Calming

5. Consider the Perspective

The portrayal of a scenario varies based on the writer’s perspective. Examples include:

• "The room

Frames of Reference

Inertial frame of reference – A frame at rest or moving with constant velocity where Newton’s First Law of Motion holds true and no extra forces are needed.

Non-inertial frame of reference – A frame that is accelerating or rotating where Newton’s laws need fictitious (pseudo) forces to explain motion.

Radiation Laws and Hypotheses

Wien’s displacement law – It states that the wavelength at which a body emits maximum radiation is inversely proportional to its temperature. λmax ∝ 1/T and λmaxT = Constant.

Stefan’s law – It states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body per unit time is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.

de Broglie hypothesis –... Continue reading "Principles of Modern Physics: Relativity and Quantum Theory" »