Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other courses

Comparative Politics

Study and evaluation of similarities and differences between political systems.

State

Political organization, institution for government, possessing sovereignty and territory.

Nation

Group of people united by fundamental characteristics.

Nationalism

Belief by a nation that it can be a state.

Nation-State

Borders coincide with a particular nation.

Territoriality

Unit has a certain geographic perimeter.

Sovereignty

State is supreme within its own borders.

Internal Control

Monopoly on the use of legitimate violence.

External Autonomy

Not subservient to any other state.

De Facto

Empirical.

De Jure

Juridical.

Three Worlds

System of classifying states.

First World

Liberal democracy.

Second World

Communist.

Third World

Not powerful enough to fit in other

Chapter 3: Business Organizations

There are five main forms of business organizations in the private sector:

1. Sole Traders
2. Partnerships
3. Private Limited Companies (PLCs)
4. Public Limited Companies (Ltd.)
5. Co-operatives

Key Business Terms

Limited Liability: This term refers to the owners of a company (shareholders). They are not held responsible for the debts of the company they own. Their liability is limited to the investment they made in buying the shares.

Partnership Agreement: A written and legal agreement between business partners. While not essential, it is always recommended.

Sole Traders: The most common form of business organization. It is a business owned and operated by one person.

Partnerships: A group or association between 2 and 20 people who... Continue reading "Business Organizations: Structures & Key Concepts" »

• "Detached clouds in the form of white, delicate filaments or white or mostly white patches or narrow bands. These clouds have fibrous (hair-like) appearance, or a silky sheen, or both." CIRRUS
  ·8/8 stratus base 200 FT/AGL is observed at sunrise at an aerodrome in the north of France; the QNH is 1028 hPa and there is a variable wind of 3 kt. What change in these clouds is likely at 1200 UTC in summer and winter? WINTER: OVC. BASE 500 FT/AGL; SUMMER: SCT, BASE 3000 FT/AGL
  ·A blocking anticyclone in the northern hemisphere is: A WARM ANTICYCLONE/QUASI STATIONARY/SITUATED BETWEEN 50°N AND 70°N
  ·A Cb with thunderstorm has reached the mature stage. Which statement is correct? IN TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN -23°C ICING IS STILL POSSIBLE
  ·A cold air

Pharmacology Fundamentals

Pharmacokinetics: What the Body Does to the Drug

Phases:

1. Absorption – How a drug enters the bloodstream

2. Distribution – How a drug travels through the body

3. Metabolism – How a drug is broken down (mainly in the liver)

4. Excretion – How a drug leaves the body (mainly through the kidneys)

🧠 Memory Trick: ADME — Absorb, Deliver, Metabolize, Exit

Pharmacodynamics: What the Drug Does to the Body

• Describes how a drug works at the target site

• Involves receptor binding, enzyme interactions, and therapeutic vs. side effects

Examples:

• Beta blockers bind to beta receptors → slow heart rate

• Insulin binds to insulin receptors → lowers blood sugar

Drug Release Types: ER, IR, SR, XL, CR

Amputations are classified based on the specific level at which a limb is removed. This classification typically follows anatomical regions and varies depending on whether it involves the upper or lower limb. This document provides a detailed breakdown by anatomical region:

Upper Limb Amputation Levels

Partial Hand Amputations (Transphalangeal)

• Finger Amputation: Removal of one or more fingers at the distal, middle, or proximal phalanx level.
• Thumb Amputation: Particularly significant due to its importance in grip function.
• Metacarpal Amputation: Loss of part or all of the hand while preserving the wrist.

Wrist Disarticulation

• Wrist Disarticulation: Amputation through the wrist joint, preserving the forearm bones.

Below Elbow Amputation (Transradial)

VOCABULARY: APPROACH DELAYS

Competitiveness and Trade

Nominal Exchange Rates

When our currency's value increases, our competitiveness decreases, and importations increase in relative terms.

Price Levels

• Our Country: If prices in our country increase, our exports decrease, and imports increase.
• Foreign Country: If prices in foreign countries increase, our competitiveness increases, benefiting our exports, and our imports decrease.

Foreign Exchange Market

• Price Determination: The exchange rate between countries is established based on supply and demand.
• Hedging: Protection against currency fluctuations, safeguarding investors and businesses from losses due to currency appreciation or depreciation.
• International Finance: Countries can lend and borrow money by converting currencies.

Load Signal and Parameters

We load the signal we need.

load('tecla_piano.mat');

We calculate the sampling period and the number of samples.

Ts = 1/fs;
N = length(data);
n = 0:N-1;
nTs = n * Ts;

Set the number of frequency points which generate the spectrums. We also generate the frequency vector.

nFFT = 2 * fs;
f = (0:nFFT-1) * fs/(nFFT-1);

Time Domain Signal Representation

We represent the input signal in the time domain.

figure;
plot(nTs,data);
title('Input signal, TIME domain');
xlabel('nT_{S} (s)');
ylabel('data[nT_{S}] (V)');
grid on;

Signal Spectrum Analysis

We calculate and observe the spectrum of the signal. From the magnitude spectrum, we decide that we want to filter the signal up to 1000 Hz and we want to remove it completely from 1500 Hz up.... Continue reading "FIR Low-Pass Filter Design with Window Method" »

Forward Exchange (EUR/SEK):

x = Exchange rate * (1 + SEK interest rate) / (1 + EUR interest rate).

CAP: Establishes an upper limit on interest rates. Floor: Establishes a lower limit on interest rates. EBITDA: Higher than net income. ROE: Return on Equity. For the equity the company provides, it generates an operating income of X annually.

Theoretical Semiannual Euribor:

(1 + First-half rate) * (1 + Second-half rate) = (1 + Annual rate).

Nominal Exchange Rate: (Nominal Exchange Rate * Domestic Price Level) / Foreign Price Level.

Spot Market: Notional amount * (1 / Current exchange rate - 1 / Initial exchange rate). Positive value means that in 9 months the spot market will be more expensive.

FXA (Foreign Exchange Agreement): Notional amount * (1... Continue reading "Understanding Forex, Financial Ratios, and Country Competitiveness" »

Reported Speech

Types of Reported Speech

Yes/No Questions

Structure: S + reporting verb + if/whether + S + past tense verb

Example: He asked if he was late.

Wh- Questions

Structure: S + reporting verb + wh-word + S + past tense verb

Example: He asked where he had left his keys.

Orders and Requests

Structure: S + reporting verb + object + (not) + to + infinitive

Note: Use "told" for orders.

Example: He told me to be quiet.

Suggestions

Structure 1: S + suggest (tense) + (not) + verb-ing

Structure 2: S + suggest + that + S + should + infinitive

Example: She suggested going for a walk.

Reporting Verbs

Verbs followed by "to + infinitive"

Examples: agree, offer, refuse, promise, threaten

Example: We agreed not to buy a car.

Additional verbs with object: advise, invite,... Continue reading "Reported Speech: A Comprehensive Guide with Examples" »