Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Music

Melody Structure

• Motif: A small group of notes with musical meaning.
• Phrase: A melody with musical meaning, ending in a cadence.
• Cadence: The equivalent of pauses in language, used to separate different musical phrases.
• Theme: The core melody of a musical piece; the main idea around which the whole composition is built.

Harmony Fundamentals

• Interval: The distance between two notes of different pitch and intonation.

Melodies are represented horizontally on the staff, placing sounds sequentially from left to right.

Harmonies are represented vertically, placing sounds above others to indicate simultaneous production.

• Chords: The basic element of harmony. Chords are formed by stacking three or more simultaneous sounds, typically by overlapping third intervals

1. The Birth of Opera

1.1 Origins in Florence

Opera emerged from Count Bardi's intellectual circle in Florence, known as the "Camerata Fiorentina." This group pioneered the concept of accompanied monody, which became the foundation of the opera genre.

1.2 Characteristics of Opera

Opera is a vocal art form that combines music, drama, and stage performance. It typically involves an orchestra, choirs, and soloists, and is structured in three main parts:

• Overture: An instrumental introduction that sets the tone for the opera.
• Sung Parts: Featuring soloists (main characters) and choirs (supporting characters). Two main singing styles are used:
  • Aria: Expressive melodies for conveying emotions and introspection.
  • Recitative: Declaimed singing for advancing

Langston Hughes: A Literary Legacy (1930s-1960s)

Langston Hughes, a pivotal figure in American literature, began his prolific career with the cordial reception of Not Without Laughter (1930), his first prose volume, shortly after his graduation. The 1930s marked a significant shift in his poetic focus, turning more forcefully toward racial justice and political radicalism.

Activism and Global Engagements

Hughes's commitment to social justice was evident in his extensive travels and reportage:

• In 1931, he traveled through the American South, notably decrying the injustices of the Scottsboro case.
• His international journeys took him widely across the Soviet Union, Haiti, Japan, and other regions.
• He served as a newspaper correspondent in 1937 during

Masterpiece

a. A 'masterpiece' is painted by a master who is capable of materializing his own vision as well as expanding the vision of those viewers

b. The artist through his piece can transform a personal experience into a universal one.

c. Stays with you for the rest of your life. Impactful.

d. Feelings should be evoked.

e. Style, Technique, Balance and harmony. Motive.

f. Window to the past.

g. Examples

• The Pieta
  1. Michelangelo’s sculpture of Virgin Mary holding her dying son.
  2. Masterpiece that is simply perfect
  3. Nothing can be done to improve the piece
  4. The figure of Jesus is out of proportion compared to Mary
  5. The statue flows, and the clothes/tunics flow in an extremely realistic manner.
  6. Great attention to detail.
  7. Renaissance ideals of classical beauty

1. Humanism

• Philosophical and cultural movement
• Emerged in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries
• Emphasized an anthropocentric viewpoint, reason, experience, and curiosity
• Drew inspiration from Antiquity and promoted the use of modern languages

2. The Spread of Humanism

• Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in 1440 facilitated the spread of knowledge
• Academies served as cultural centers, fostering intellectual exchange
• Universities played a crucial role in promoting classical culture
• Humanist scholars traveled extensively, exchanging ideas and fostering collaboration

3. Science

• Scientists conducted experiments to test and validate their theories
• Astronomy, medicine, and physics emerged as prominent branches of scientific inquiry
• Geographical discoveries

Blues vs. Jazz

Blues is more vocal and jazz is more instrumental. That's the principal difference. An inside joke in the jazz & blues circles goes, "A blues guitarist plays 3 chords in front of thousands of people, and a jazz guitarist plays thousands of chords in front of 3 people." The main focus of jazz music is the dynamics and improvisations of an ensemble, while blues music is usually centered on a single guitar player/vocalist, and the personal lyrical content of the song. Most jazz tunes are purely instrumental, while a blues song always contains lyrics. Blues music was around before jazz and can be considered an element of jazz music. However, jazz would not be considered a part of blues music per se.

Country Music

Country music is... Continue reading "A Guide to Popular Music Genres: From Blues to Rap" »

The Classical Music Era

Classic is considered to be top-class, first-rate, and of lasting value. It signifies a style that emphasizes grace and simplicity, beauty of line and shape, balance and proportion, order and control. The Classical music period is broadly divided into two categories: the Classical period itself and its precursors/influences. The Classical period (C) is generally considered to have been composed between approximately 1750 and 1820, with key figures like Haydn and Mozart.

Key Stylistic Features

• Style Galant: A courtly style primarily intended to please the listener. Much of the music from this period can be lacking in depth, but it is polished, polite, and extremely elegant.
• Later Classical Music Style: This style matured

Poetry Reference Tables: Forms, Rhyme, and Structure

Common Types of Poem (Forms)

• Diamante: A 7-line, diamond-shaped poem that follows a pattern using specific parts of speech.
• Haiku: An unrhymed poem consisting of 3 lines and 17 syllables (5, 7, 5). It typically describes something in nature.
• Acrostic: The first letters of the lines of this poem spell out the topic or title of the poem.
• Cinquain: An unrhymed, 5-line poem. Each line has a set number of words or syllables and a specific function.
• Couplet: A pair of lines that rhyme. It may be complete in itself or may be part of a longer poem.
• Limerick: A humorous 5-line poem, often consisting of 13 beats, following the AABBA rhyme scheme.
• Quatrain: A 4-line poem. Common rhyme schemes include AABB,

Every musical instrument has its own timbre. It is very important for a composer to know about the timbres and expressive qualities of them.

Impressionism

Characteristics: Conveys moods and emotions through tone color.

Origin: France

Composer: Claude Debussy

Musical Features: Slow tempo, lack of contrast or shape, focus on tone color.

Expressionism

Characteristics: Expresses emotion through music intended to create discomfort and unease.

Origin: Austria & Germany

Composer: Arnold Schoenberg

Musical Features: Harsh, tense, uneasy, and uncomfortable melodies and harmonies; dissonant and dark.

Serialism

Characteristics: A systematic approach to composition using a row of pitches derived from the chromatic scale (12-tone technique).

Origin: Austria & Germany

Composer: Arnold Schoenberg

Musical Features: Dissonant, atonal (lack of tonality), based on a pre-ordered series of pitches.

Audience