Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

The changing in our eating habits in the last few decades have been mostly negative. In my opinion I think that there are more and more problems with the food industries and one of the biggest problems is meat. Many people have stopped eating it because of the treatment of animals. Another reason I think people feed on a lot of pre-cooked food for different reasons and one of them may be not having time to cook because of work, studies… I think that this may be hurting our health as many food we eat in don’t have enough vitamins (that food has without being pre-cooked.) These contain more fats, calories and other substances that are not needed in all foods. To finish I think we should pay more attention to what we should eat, and it’s...

Vocabulary

Demanding: adj. needing a lot of effort and skill. Flustered: adj. nervous and confused, especially because you have been given a lot to do or are in a hurry Bizarre: adj. very strange or unusual Think on their feet: to be able to think and react to things very quickly without any preparation Approach: noun. A way of doing or thinking about something. Rather than: phrase. Instead of Crush: verb. To destroy somebody’s confidence Recruitment agency: noun, a specialist company which finds and interviews candidates to fill job vacancies in other companies. Job seekers: noun. People who are looking for a job. Flapping: verb, moving sth quickly up and down, e.g. wings Spot on: the right answer Paid-back: devolver  Weird: raro Spooky...

Kidney Function and Failure

Functions:

• Clean the blood and remove extra fluid
• Keep your body chemicals in balance
• Filter out waste products
• Control blood pressure and red blood cell production

Kidney Failure:

Occurs when kidneys stop working or when their function is less than 15%. This results in a build-up of fluid and chemical wastes, which is life-threatening unless treated by dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Uremia

Uremia occurs when waste products build up in the blood. Symptoms include:

• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Headache
• Itching

Treatment Options for Kidney Failure

Patients with kidney failure have several treatment options:

• Diet and fluid management
• Kidney transplantation
• Medications
• Kidney dialysis
• Non-treatment (palliative care)

Hemodialysis

In...

Present Continuous & Common Verbs

Not keeping, not using, are entering, are lifting, bringing, working

Quantifiers

Some, any, a, an, any, a, some, any, a, an, some, any

Prepositions of Place

Next to, under, on, in, in front of, behind, between

Fastening Techniques

1. Tie up (atar)
2. Zip up (abrochar), button (abotonar)
3. Solder (soldar)
4. Nail (clavar)
5. Staple (grapar), pin (pinchar)
6. Bolt (atornillar)
7. Spread (juntar)
8. Lay (extender)
9. Chain (encadenar), padlock (encadenar)
10. Screw (atornillar)

Safety Warnings

Don't drink this water, wear gloves, lift with care, be careful! Slippery floor, don't smoke, wear protection, don't bring food or drink in here, be careful! Wet paint, keep the aisle clear.

Material Identification

Nylon: nailon, wood: madera, wool: lana, cardboard:...

Words Starting with 'B'

• Be afraid: To feel fear or apprehension.
• Be careful: To be cautious and watchful.
• Be envious: To desire what someone else has.
• Be in need: To require something essential.
• Be popular: To be liked or admired by many people.
• Be right: To be correct or accurate.
• Be scary: To cause fear or fright.
• Be successful: To achieve a desired outcome or goal.
• Be suspicious: To have a cautious distrust of someone or something.
• Beach holiday: A vacation spent by the sea.
• Beard: Hair grown on the chin and cheeks of a man.
• Bee: A flying insect known for producing honey.
• Beehive: A structure where bees live and store honey.
• Beg: To ask someone earnestly or humbly for something.
• Beggar: A person who lives by asking for money or food.
• Beginning: The point

**Chemical Risk Assessment in the Workplace**

Hygienic Evaluation

Methodology for detection and quantification of industrial pollutants and assessment of the risk for workers exposed to them.

• Environmental: Compare the actual exposure levels to theoretical allowable values.
• Biological: Determine the amount of pollutant or its metabolites in exposed workers.

Assessment Criteria

• Reference values
  • United States (ACGIH)
    • TLV (Threshold Limit Value)
    • BEI (Biological Exposure Indices)
  • Spain (INSHT)
    • VLA (Environmental Limit Values)
    • VLB (Biological Limit Values)
• Maximum values allowed
  • USA (OSHA)
    • PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit)
  • Spain (Current Legislation)
    • Regulation of Troublesome, Unhealthy, Harmful, and Dangerous Activities
    • Specific regulations (benzene, asbestos, lead,

English Grammar Essentials

Active and Passive Voice Tenses

Time Clauses and Subordinating Conjunctions

Pharmacology Fundamentals

Pharmacokinetics: What the Body Does to the Drug

Phases:

1. Absorption – How a drug enters the bloodstream

2. Distribution – How a drug travels through the body

3. Metabolism – How a drug is broken down (mainly in the liver)

4. Excretion – How a drug leaves the body (mainly through the kidneys)

🧠 Memory Trick: ADME — Absorb, Deliver, Metabolize, Exit

Pharmacodynamics: What the Drug Does to the Body

• Describes how a drug works at the target site

• Involves receptor binding, enzyme interactions, and therapeutic vs. side effects

Examples:

• Beta blockers bind to beta receptors → slow heart rate

• Insulin binds to insulin receptors → lowers blood sugar

Drug Release Types: ER, IR, SR, XL, CR

Mastering English Grammar Essentials

English Verb Tenses: Structures and Usage

Present Simple

• Structure: Verb + s/es (for third person singular)
• Common Time Expressions: always, usually, generally, often, sometimes, every week, never, every day, at night

Present Continuous

• Structure: am/is/are + verb + ing
• Common Time Expressions: now, right now, at the moment, this year, at present, today, next, tomorrow (for future arrangements)

Past Simple

• Structure: Verb + ed / irregular verb (did for negative/questions)
• Common Time Expressions: yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 2004, when, then, 15th century

Past Continuous

• Structure: was/were + verb + ing
• Common Time Expressions: last night, last week, last year, at 3:00, when, while, as

Future Simple

• Structure:

Are the Students Eating Healthy by Consuming Fast Food?

Teenagers love fast food but usually they consume it without knowing the risk fast food involves to their body. Children enjoy the flavour and tastiness of fast food whereas they forget what they are truly bringing into them. Therefore, how bad is fast food for us? And how can we stop from consuming it?

Fast food is made in food factories, hence they are highly processed food which means that they are not made naturally. Instead they contain dangerous additives and unhealthy fats that could harm our body. Clearly, people whose diet is mainly based on fast food are expected to live a shorter life.

Undoubtedly, if we can modify teenagers' eating habits, we could prevent them from the consequences...