Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

Essential Vocabulary

Assortment (collection): A group of similar things (with different sizes, colors, etc.).
Bottom line (in brief): The most important factor to consider.
Commit a crime: To do something illegal or bad.
Crave: To beg or plead for.
Disruptive (problematic): Confusing, disturbing.
Drop (down): To go down.
Enrollment (registration): To record or note in a roll or list.
Imbalance (disequilibrium): The lack of balance.
Inmate (internal): A person confined to an institution such as a prison or hospital.
Lack (lack of): To be deficient in; to have need of.
Level: A horizontal datum line or plane.
Liable (prone): Susceptible or exposed.
Measure: To determine the size, amount, etc., of something.
Nourishing (nutritional): To provide...

Foundations of Health and Well-being

Defining Health

Health encompasses social, cultural, economic, and biological factors, leading to continuous change.

The World Health Organization (WHO) states that health is a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease, plus the ability to function.

Levels of Health and Well-being

Achieving a perfect state of health involves optimal physical and mental well-being, leading to a perfect state of welfare.

Primary Health Care (PHC)

Primary Health Care (PHC) is defined as essential assistance that should be generally available to all individuals and families in the community, through appropriate means accessible to them.

PHC Actions and Cost Reduction

1. Promotion
2. Protection

Reported Speech Rules

• Offer, promise, agree: Use verb + to + infinitive.
• Suggest, admit: Use verb + -ing.
• Tell, ask, advise, order, warn: Use verb + object + to + infinitive.
• Apologize: Use apologize for + -ing.
• Tell, say, announce, recommend: Use verb + that (Note: Tell requires an object, say does not).

Passive Voice Construction

To form the passive voice, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject. Use the verb be (in the correct tense) + past participle. Use by + object to indicate the agent.

• Present Simple: is/are eaten
• Present Continuous: is being eaten
• Present Perfect: has been eaten
• Past Simple: was/were eaten
• Future: will be eaten
• Past Perfect: had been eaten
• Modals: can/must be eaten / should be eaten
• Double Objects: "They gave Sophia

Antembolic IVC Filter

Indication

Contraindications

• Hemorrhage
• Major surgery
• Multiple trauma
• Internal bleeding
• Intracranial neoplasm
• Pregnancy

Technique

• Fast 4-6 hours before procedure
• Antibiotic Prophylaxis
• Neck Skin asepsis
• Give Local Anesthesia
• Puncture anterior wall of vein (US)
• Evaluate the wire
• Guide the wire into IVC
• Place the sheath
• Remove wire + ensure luminal location
• Cavography to ensure IVC patency, size, locate Renal Vein

Post-op

• Activity/Diet Rest
• Antibiotic therapy
• NSAIDs
• Warfarin
• Venous

Global Water Scarcity and Usage Facts

Key Water Consumption Statistics

Use the numbers below to complete the sentences:

• 13,000
• 1.5 to 2
• 80%
• 2.6
• 100

1. It takes 100 liters of water to grow one kilogram of potatoes, and it takes 13,000 liters to produce one kilogram of beef.
2. The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests 1.5 to 2 gallons of water per day as the bare minimum for survival.
3. Infectious waterborne diseases are responsible for 80% of illnesses and deaths in the developing world.
4. As many as 2.6 billion people on the planet do not have enough water for sanitation.

Understanding the Global Water Crisis

Q&A on Water Usage

1. What is the relationship between the amount of water people use every day and a global water crisis?

   People use a lot of water (0.5

Recommendations for Good Nutrition

• Prefer vegetable fats
• Roast or steam meat
• Replace fatty foods with fruit desserts

A balanced diet requires a greater quantity of nutrients to meet requirements that require continued growth. Eating breakfast is essential. Being empty stomach can cause diseases such as gastritis.

Obesity

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excess fat, which in turn results in weight gain, surpassing by 15% the target weight, due to increased fat reserves. Obesity is the most common disorder of developed societies. We must demystify the popular belief that excess weight is determined by the amount of fluid retention.

Causes of Obesity

• Endocrine: Due to a malfunction of the endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid,

Main Obligations of Employers and Employees

The company must register with Social Security (SS) before starting activity (Model TA6). It must formalize the coverage of occupational risks with the SS or a mutual accident insurance company. It must enlist workers, assigning each a unique SS number. Any administrative act, such as communicating the cessation of work or a change of activity, should be reported to the SS within six calendar days.

Protective Action

Protective action consists of granting benefits, a set of economic measures that may be contributory or non-contributory.

• Contributory: Directed to workers and close relatives who meet the minimum contribution period.
• Non-Contributory: For beneficiaries who lack adequate resources and have

Spanish Social Security: Schemes and Benefits

Schemes

• General Scheme: Employees in industry and services, including artists, athletes, bullfighters, rail workers, commercial service providers, and local administration officials.
• Special Scheme: Self-employed individuals, domestic workers, agricultural workers, maritime workers, miners, students, government officials, and civilian and military personnel.

Membership and Social Security Number

Application for Membership/Social Security Number: This number is required to access social security benefits and track your work activity.

Affiliation: While working, you are required to join one of the two schemes and contribute before starting work.

Temporary Disability

• Causes: Common illness, non-occupational

The Good and the Bad of the Internet

The Internet plays a major part in our lives, offering many benefits to children and young people. However, there are also risks associated with being online. Below are videos discussing the benefits and risks for children and young people using the Internet.

Internet Worms

These independent virtual viruses spread through the Internet, break into computers, and replicate. Internet worms can be included in any type of virus, script, or program. Unlike Trojans or other viruses that require user intervention to spread, Internet worms can spread on their own.

Grooming

Grooming in the real world can take place in various locations: at home, in the neighborhood, at school, in youth and sports clubs, or at church. Online...

The changing in our eating habits in the last few decades have been mostly negative. In my opinion I think that there are more and more problems with the food industries and one of the biggest problems is meat. Many people have stopped eating it because of the treatment of animals. Another reason I think people feed on a lot of pre-cooked food for different reasons and one of them may be not having time to cook because of work, studies… I think that this may be hurting our health as many food we eat in don’t have enough vitamins (that food has without being pre-cooked.) These contain more fats, calories and other substances that are not needed in all foods. To finish I think we should pay more attention to what we should eat, and it’s...