Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

History of Medicine

Today, when we have a bad cold or fever, we can go to the doctor and get a prescription for some kind of medicine. But what did people do hundreds of years ago? They couldn't go to the chemist and they couldn't take an aspirin. What could they do?

Ancient Egyptians had a very effective system of medicine. It was very advanced for its time. The Egyptians introduced the concepts of diagnosis and medical examination. They also performed the first surgery around 2750 BC.

The famous Greek physician Hippocrates used herbs in his treatments. But what medicine could ancient people take when they had a headache, a cold, or a stomach ache? Herbal medicine.

Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare. Primitive men observed the great... Continue reading "Ancient Medicine & Modern First Aid" »

1. Cholinergic Agonists

Respond to acetylcholine; refers to receptor sites stimulated by acetylcholine, as well as neurons that release acetylcholine.

• Cause SLUDGE: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastrointestinal distress, Emesis

2. Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists

1. Acetylcholine (Both Muscarinic and Nicotinic)
   • Miosis (pupil constriction)
   • Limited clinical use due to:
     • Non-selectivity
     • Charged nature
     • Short half-life
2. Bethanechol (Muscarinic)
   • Clinical use: Urinary retention
   • Side effect: SLUDGE
   • Not hydrolyzed
3. Pilocarpine (Muscarinic)
   • Clinical use: Dry mouth, Glaucoma
   • Side effect: SLUDGE
   • Can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
4. Succinylcholine (Muscarinic)
5. Carbachol (Both Muscarinic and Nicotinic)
   • Not hydrolyzed
6. Nicotine (Nicotinic)
   • Clinical use: Smoking

English Grammar & Sentence Structure

Word Substitution Examples

• It was a rough track, a path made of uneven stones.

Nouns in Context

• It was a brave action but not a smart one. Tea and coffee both contain caffeine, the former even more than the latter.

Verbs and Phrases in Action

• I love traveling in dangerous places, but Sophie doesn’t. I want to take a vacation, but to do so means taking time off.

Understanding Clauses

• Not many people know this region. Yes, I’m aware of that. The road was blocked.

Ellipsis Usage

• She wasn’t the first person to write about this region.

Vocabulary & Word Transformations

Word Pairs: Verb-Noun & Related Forms

• Set - setting
• Describe - description
• Appealed - appeal
• Is commenting - comment
• About - story
• Deals with

Premature Ejaculation (PE) Management

Dapoxetine (Priligy)

Dapoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that modulates the ejaculatory reflex.

Dosing and Administration

• Dose: 30 mg, taken 1–3 hours before anticipated intercourse.
• Maximum Frequency: One dose per 24 hours.

Side Effects

• Dizziness
• Vomiting
• Fainting (Syncope)
• Hypotension

Contraindications

• Significant cardiac conditions.
• Hepatic impairment.
• Renal impairment.
• Concomitant use with antidepressants or drugs that may cause serotonin toxicity.
• Concomitant use with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors.

Alternative PE Treatment

Local anesthetics have also been used effectively to manage premature ejaculation.

Phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE5) Inhibitors

Common Side Effects of PDE5 Inhibitors

• Headache: Tadalafil-

Essential Phrasal Verbs for English Fluency

This comprehensive glossary lists common phrasal verbs and their definitions, structured alphabetically for easy reference.

A-D Phrasal Verbs

• bend over: Bow, become curved.
• carry on: Continue.
• carry off: Win, succeed in a difficult situation.
• carry out: Accomplish or execute; do something.
• come along: Go with.
• come on: Let’s go (used for motivation).
• come up: To manifest oneself, appear, or arise.
• come up with: Provide an idea or answer; find a solution.
• cry out: Exclaim; cry loudly.
• cut up: Cut into small pieces.
• die away: Lose strength, become weak (usually referring to noise).
• do up: Tie.

E-G Phrasal Verbs

• eat up: Eat quickly.
• fall down: Collapse.
• fall out with: Argue with someone.
• feel up to: Feel capable of doing

Listening Comprehension

1. Jane is going to the dentist.
2. Jane can't stay with Katie because she is going to meet a friend.
3. Jane is going to read a book for Katie.
4. Bill asks Rita to call the doctor's office.
5. The doctor's telephone number is on the calendar.

Reading Comprehension

1. You shouldn't discover that your passport has expired just at the airport ticket counter.
2. The normal time to get your driver's license renewed is possibly in two months.
3. Kennels require a maximum of two weeks to make arrangements.
4. You should try to leave your home for several days.

Situational Dialogues

1. Situation 1

   Luke and Dave are checking lamps.

   Dave: Look at those lamps! They are beautiful.

   Luke: Which ones?

2. Situation 2

   Stephanie is going camping. She asks Tom for advice.

   Stephanie:

St. Valentine’s Day

1. During Lupercalia: (a) young men and women were paired.
2. Why did Emperor Claudius II cancel all marriages and engagements? (c) Because he needed men for his army.
3. Why was Valentine dragged to jail? (d) Because he disobeyed the emperor.
4. Valentine died in love. TRUE: “It is said that, before his execution, Valentine himself had fallen in love with the jailer’s daughter.”
5. St. Valentine’s Day is no longer a Roman Catholic festivity today. TRUE: “In 1969 it was dropped from the Roman Catholic calendar as a designated feast day.”
6. Nowadays there are more Valentine’s cards than Christmas cards sold in the US. FALSE: “Today, over 1 billion Valentine’s cards are sent in the US – second in number only to Christmas cards.

Causative Have Practice Exercises

• They had arranged for their house to be cleaned by the end of the week. Now it is clean. What had they done? (They had had their house cleaned.)
• The grass has grown too much. What should they have done? (They should have had the grass cut.)
• His tooth was filled yesterday. What happened to him? (He had his tooth filled yesterday.)
• No one has informed them of the meeting. What should he have done for them? (He should have had them informed of the meeting.)

Examples of Daily Tasks and Changes

• We are having the furniture rearranged (furniture/rearrange). We got tired of having it in the same place for so long.
• That’s a good idea. We are going to have our furniture replaced (our furniture/replace) next week. I’m sick

Reading Comprehension

Sniffer Bees

Sniffer bees: C(a new use)-D(learn)-C(sends)-C(fit)-C(tiny)-B(they don’t)-A(are not)-A(diagnosis)

The Statues of Easter Island

The statues of Easter Island: C(is the most isolated)-B(are larger)-C(played)-C(land)-B(the inhabitants had eaten)-A(the Rapanui were fighting)-C(died of illness)-B(the Rapanui don’t)

Festival Entrepreneurs

Festival entrepreneurs: C(they are more diverse)-B(the tickets sell)-D(has plans)-A(you can make new)-A(you can travel without)-B(inconvenience)-B(companies like)-A(the economic)

Britain’s New Eco-Towns

Britain’s new eco-towns: D(no cars in)-C(land that was originally)-C(to use less water)-D(eco-towns are not green)-B(traffic)-C(tend to)-C(backing for)-A(harvested)

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