Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Breast Cancer Screening Programs

Screening typically involves mammography, often starting around age 50, with the goal of detecting emerging cancer (Ca).

• Sensitivity: > 85%
• Specificity: > 90%

Early Detection Recommendations

Monthly breast self-examination (BSE) is generally not recommended due to potential issues:

• Causes anxiety.
• High rate of false positives (FP+).
• May lead to unnecessary biopsies and expense.

Recommendations by Age Group

• Women 35–40 years: Annual clinical breast examination and bilateral mammography (only if clinically indicated).
• Women over 40 years: Annual clinical breast examination and mammography every 1–2 years.

Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

Clinical diagnosis typically follows two pathways:

1. Asymptomatic Women: Suspicious

Child Nutrition: Ages 3-12 Years

During the ages of 3 to 12 years, children experience progressive development and continued stabilization. They possess a great capacity for learning, making this an ideal time for nutrition education. Growth serves as a more reliable indicator of health during this period. Food should be varied to establish healthy habits and foster the pleasure of eating.

Essential Nutritional Requirements

Meeting nutritional requirements is crucial for healthy and optimal growth and development in children.

Energy Needs

• Energy: Approximately 1200 kcal + (100 kcal x year of age).

Key Minerals

• Calcium: Accumulation is high during these years, making it important to prevent osteoporosis later in life.
• Iron: Essential for forming red

Forensic Medicine and Toxicology: Key Concepts

1. Diagnosis of Non-Life Signs

   • Saponification
   • Mummification
   • Corification
   • Adipocere

2. Temperature Incompatible with Life

   Examples: 20 ºC, 34 ºC, 36 ºC

3. Nysten's Sign

   Premature, low intensity, and short duration rigor mortis.

4. Definition of Suspicious Death and Homicide

   Referenced in: Criminal Code, Law of Criminal Procedure (LEC), Civil Code, etc.

5. Judicial Autopsies in Catalonia (One Third)

   Causes include: accidental, natural, suicide, homicide.

6. Number of Femicides in 2007

   8.72 (specific data point)

7. Sexual Asphyxia

   Considered an accident.

8. Death Mechanisms

   Examples: anoxic anoxia, reflex inhibition.

9. Incised Wound Before Death

   Indicated by: coagulation, etc.

10. Umbilical Cord After Birth

    Timeframes: 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days,

Essential English Phrasal Verbs and Meanings

This reference list provides definitions and translations for common English phrasal verbs, structured alphabetically by the main verb.

A: Ask

• ASK FOR: Request

B: Break, Bring

• BREAK AWAY: Separate
• BREAK DOWN: To malfunction / avariar-se/espatllar
• BREAK IN / BREAK INTO: To intrude / introduir-se/ficar-se
• BREAK OFF: To separate from (something)
• BREAK OUT: To burst (e.g., war)
• BREAK UP: To separate / To end a relationship
• BRING UP: To educate / To raise (a child)

C: Call, Care, Carry, Catch, Check, Clean, Come, Count, Cut

• CALL OFF: Cancel / Suspend
• CALL ON: See switch to
• CALL UP: Call
• CARE ABOUT: Worrying
• CARRY ON: Continue
• CATCH ON: Getting fashion / Catch up on success / Set up
• CHECK IN: Check luggage
• CHECK OUT: Pay

4. The Patient's Evolving Role in the Health System

The patient is the ultimate goal of health care and has acquired a prominence it never had before. Health care no longer focuses solely on healing the sick but has incorporated other crucial aspects of the doctor-patient relationship, including:

• Humanization of care
• Adequate information
• Handling claims
• Hospital and medical choice
• Privacy
• Informed consent
• Palliative care

The patient's role is continually modified, granting them greater access to information (about the disease and its symptoms), a greater ability to pursue claims, and increased decision-making power regarding their illness. Regulation has formalized this relationship, notably through the Patient Autonomy Act (Law 41/2002), which governs... Continue reading "Patient Autonomy and Spain's Economic Policy: Crisis and Employment History" »

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes typically appears in children and young adults. It often manifests suddenly in individuals who are not overweight. People with Type 1 diabetes do not produce insulin.

It can be genetic in origin due to an autoimmune problem, where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own insulin-producing cells.

Symptoms:

• Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
• Constant hunger (polyphagia)
• Frequent urination (polyuria)
• Vision problems

Treatment involves regulating blood glucose levels. The pancreas produces insulin to reduce glucose concentrations and glucagon to enhance them. A glucometer is used to measure glucose levels. Doctors may perform a glucose tolerance test to diagnose diabetes. Insulin can be injected using an insulin... Continue reading "Diabetes Types, Alzheimer's, Obesity, and Nutrition" »

Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Preventing cardiovascular disease involves adopting a healthy lifestyle. Key recommendations include:

• Regular Exercise: Engage in consistent physical activity.
• Calorie Management: Avoid excessive calorie intake.
• Dietary Moderation: Limit salt, sugar, red meat, egg yolks, and alcohol.
• Increased Consumption: Boost intake of cereals, pulses, oily fish, salads, and fruits.
• Fat Choices: Moderate animal fat intake and prioritize healthier vegetable oils.
• Dairy Alternatives: Choose soy or skim milk.
• Fiber-Rich Foods: Eat foods high in fiber.
• Meal Preparation: Limit reliance on pre-cooked meals.
• Rest and Organization: Ensure adequate rest and organize time and activities effectively.

Understanding Mental Health Conditions

Mental... Continue reading "Essential Health Knowledge: Disease Prevention and Common Conditions" »

Health Concepts

The concept of health, according to the WHO, is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

To measure health, a key parameter is life expectancy, i.e., the average life expectancy of a person.

Factors affecting a person's health may be biological, environmental, related to access to health services, or lifestyle-related. Lifestyle choices depend on personal or cultural factors. Leading a healthy life involves taking care of diet, engaging in physical exercise, and avoiding addictive substances.

Carbohydrates (60% Daily Intake)

Carbohydrates are an important source of energy for our body. They are stored mainly in muscle and liver cells.

Glucose is essential for... Continue reading "Foundations of Health, Nutrition, and Genetics" »

First Aid

Position the Injured: Place the wounded person on their side to prevent choking and ensure their tongue does not obstruct their airway.

Kit: Soothing agents, betadine, bandages, plasters, thermometer, ointments, syringes, chlorhexidine, tape.

Cardiac Massage

Place the heel of your right hand on the lower half of the sternum and your left hand on top. Perform 60-80 compressions per minute for adults and 100 for babies.

Rescue Breathing

Place the heel of your hand on the forehead of the wounded person, pinch their nose, and lift their jaw with your other hand. Breathe directly into their mouth at a rate of 10 breaths per minute for adults and 15-20 for babies.

Health Concepts

Health

A complete state in which a person normally develops all their... Continue reading "Essential First Aid and Occupational Health Practices" »