Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

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Understanding Common Skin Conditions: Pityriasis Versicolor, Lichen Planus, and More

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Pityriasis Versicolor

Pathogen: Malassezia furfur
Clinical Features:
  • Asymptomatic or pink scaly patches on the trunk
Lab Findings:
  • KOH preparation or black ink/stained dry smear/histopathology
  • Culture: Growing fungi
Diagnosis: Based on physical and lab findings
Treatment: Griseofulvin, polyenes, azoles

Lichen Planus

General:
  • Idiopathic inflammatory disease affecting skin, hair, nails, and mucosa
  • Common in middle-aged adults
Pathophysiology:
  • T cell and cytokine cell infiltration leading to IFN-gamma and TNF release
  • HLADR-8 overexpression and keratinocyte adhesion
  • Basal cell damage and reactive hyperkeratosis
Forms:
  • Subjective: Intense pruritus
  • Objective: Papules, fine scale
  • Mucosal: Tongue and buccal involvement
  • Nail: Plate thinning, long grooving and ridging, subungual
... Continue reading "Understanding Common Skin Conditions: Pityriasis Versicolor, Lichen Planus, and More" »

Strange News: Martian Sightings, Celebrity Mishaps

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Alleged Martian Sighting During Dog Walk

A woman reported seeing Martians on a hill last Thursday around 10:00 PM while walking her dog. She claims she encountered a Martian who intended to harm her, but she managed to escape. The woman was later admitted to the hospital with a nervous breakdown.

"Are we in danger of a Martian invasion?" concerned neighbors inquired. However, in a press conference, the police reassured residents that the woman had tested positive for drugs and that there was no cause for alarm.

Lady Gaga Cancels Barcelona Concert Due to Food Poisoning

Lady Gaga was forced to cancel her concert in Barcelona last night due to severe stomach pains. The incident occurred during the Spanish leg of her tour.

After the concert began, she... Continue reading "Strange News: Martian Sightings, Celebrity Mishaps" »

Common Body Parts, Sleep Patterns, and Social Interactions

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Common Body Parts

Belly button, Blood vessel, Braincell, Calf, Cheek, Chin, Eyebrows, Eyelash, Fingernail, Forehead, Hairline, Heart, Lung, Muscle, Thigh, Heel, Jaw, Hip, Rib

Sleep Patterns

Cheer up, Cope with, Get by, Go ahead, Pay off, Pick out, Soak up, Switch off, Work out, Doze off, Drop off to sleep, Fast asleep, Rest, Sleep deprivation, Sleep pattern, Sleepy, Snore, Take a nap, Unconscious, Wide awake

Social Interactions

Bad manners, Blink, Blow your nose, Blunt, Bow, Handshake, Impolite, Lack of respect, Nod your head, Stare, Take offence, Whistle, A pack of lies, A red flag, Lead someone up the garden, Lie through your teeth, Look someone in the eye, Make a break for it, On the level, Practice makes perfect

Miley's Essence: Her Appearance and Personality Defined

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Miley's Distinctive Traits

Physical Characteristics

Miley is of normal height, neither very tall nor very short, though she sometimes uses heels to add a few centimeters. She has a thin physique and cares deeply about her body, embracing it confidently and having no reservations about showcasing it. Her skin is clear and delicate, yet she loves spending hours tanning.

Hair Style & Care

Her hair is long and wavy, a vibrant blonde that she occasionally dyes or straightens, though she prefers its natural curls. It's bright and lustrous, clearly well-cared for.

Striking Facial Features

A characteristic feature is her clear, unusually colored eyes, perfectly sized and often accentuated with makeup. Her nose is not very broad; while not unattractive,... Continue reading "Miley's Essence: Her Appearance and Personality Defined" »

The Constant Gardener: Unmasking Pharmaceutical Corruption in Kenya

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The Murder of Tessa Quayle

In a remote area of Northern Kenya, activist Tessa Quayle is found brutally murdered. Tessa's companion, a doctor, appears to have fled the scene, and the initial evidence points to a crime of passion. Members of the British High Commission in Nairobi assume that Tessa's widower, their mild-mannered and unambitious colleague, Justin Quayle, will leave the matter to them. They could not be more wrong.

Haunted by remorse and jarred by rumors of his late wife's infidelities, Quayle surprises everyone by embarking on a personal odyssey that will take him across three continents. Using his privileged access to diplomatic secrets, he risks his own life, stopping at nothing to uncover and expose the truth—a conspiracy far... Continue reading "The Constant Gardener: Unmasking Pharmaceutical Corruption in Kenya" »

Common English Idioms and Phrasal Verbs

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Common English Idioms

  • Like talking to the wall
  • Speak their mind
  • Straight from the horse's mouth
  • Don't break a word
  • Get a word in edgeways
  • I'm all ears
  • Beat about the bush
  • Break the ice
  • Break a promise
  • Break a record
  • Break someone's heart
  • Break a/the law
  • Break a/the habit
  • Break the news

Common English Phrasal Verbs

Run

  • Run an errand
  • Runs in the family
  • Run wild
  • Running a risk
  • Run short
  • Running a temperature

Stand

  • Stand by
  • Stand up to - to please
  • Stand up
  • Stand for - to mean
  • Stand out - to be different
  • Stand in for

Come

  • Come round - to visit
  • Come through - to survive
  • Come apart - to break
  • Come down on - to criticize
  • Come up with - to think of
  • Come across - to discover

Go

  • Go too far
  • Cope with
  • Turn into tears - to cry
  • As long as
  • Change for the better
  • Boarding school

Regulations and Requirements for Therapeutic Products in Singapore

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Therapeutic productsCometic products(2type)ivd+generalMedical devicesoral dental gumsChinese proprietary medicinetraditional MedicineQuasimedicinal productsmedicated oil and balms
ExamplesParacetemol,antibiotics,bloodpressure medicationmakeup,thoothpaste,cleanser,
bodysoap(+medicatedsoap) ,shampoo(+antidandruff),anti-achne prep
generalmedicaldevice(thermometer/Bpmeter/contactlens/condoms)
IVD(Bloodglucosemeter.Pregnancykit).Massagers,bodytoning.Magnet.
accessoriesnotmedicaldeviceastheyarenotforpreventingdiagnosingcuringoralleviatingdiseaseorhaveanymedicalpurpose
Xylitol/orbit.Dentalgumslingzhitablets.Ginseng+pochaipill/
DoesnotincludeCPMininjectionform.CPMclassifiedasTP
ginseng(original).Traditionaljavamedicinejamu. Nonchingherbalmeds.medicatedplaster/
... Continue reading "Regulations and Requirements for Therapeutic Products in Singapore" »

Kitchen Essentials and Classroom Event Ideas

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Essential Kitchen Tools

Here are some common kitchen tools and their uses:

  • Peeler: Used to peel carrots, potatoes, etc. (to remove the skin of vegetables).
  • Ice Tray: Water is put into the container and placed in the freezer so that ice cubes are formed.
  • Spatula: Used to handle food. For example, if you are cooking a hamburger, you can turn it or remove it with a spatula.
  • Strainer: Used, for example, when you make macaroni. Put the pasta in the strainer to drain the water, leaving the pasta behind.
  • Cutting Board: Used as a support when cutting food, preventing knife marks on the counter or other kitchen surfaces.

More Kitchen Items

  • Wok / Frying Pan (sartén)
  • Strainer (colador)
  • Saucepan (cacerola)
  • Peeler (pelador)
  • Rolling Pin (rodillo)
  • Casserole Dish (molde)
... Continue reading "Kitchen Essentials and Classroom Event Ideas" »

Thematic English-Spanish Vocabulary Lists

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English-Spanish Vocabulary Lists by Topic

Personality Traits

  • Ambitious (ambicioso) vs. Pushy (sin escrúpulos)
  • Assertive (asertivo) vs. Bossy (mandón)
  • Broad-minded (de mente abierta) vs. Narrow-minded (de mente cerrada)
  • Determined (decidido) vs. Stubborn (cabezón)
  • Easy-going (fácil de tratar) vs. Nervous (nervioso)
  • Generous (generoso) vs. Tight-fisted (tacaño)
  • Frank (franco) vs. Brusque (brusco)
  • Gifted (talentoso) vs. Slow (lento)
  • Mature (maduro) vs. Immature (inmaduro)
  • Modest (modesto) vs. Big-headed (creído)
  • Tactful (con tacto) vs. Tactless (sin tacto)
  • Outgoing (sociable) vs. Reserved (reservado)
  • Self-confident (seguro de sí mismo) vs. Arrogant (arrogante) or Insecure (inseguro)

Buying and Selling

  • Afford (permitirse algo)
  • Bargain (ganga)
  • Cash (dinero
... Continue reading "Thematic English-Spanish Vocabulary Lists" »

Epinephrine Synthesis, Adrenergic Receptors & Pharmacology

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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Synthesis

The synthesis pathway for catecholamines like norepinephrine and epinephrine is as follows:

  1. Phenylalanine is converted to Tyrosine.
  2. Tyrosine is taken into the neuron via a transporter.
  3. Tyrosine is converted to L-DOPA by the enzyme Tyrosine Hydroxylase. (This is the rate-limiting step in the pathway).
  4. L-DOPA is converted to Dopamine by the enzyme Dopa Decarboxylase.
  5. Dopamine is transported into a vesicle via the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter (VMAT).
  6. Inside the vesicle, Dopamine is converted to Norepinephrine by the enzyme Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase.
  7. Synthesis may stop at Norepinephrine, depending on the cell type.
  8. In the adrenal medulla, Norepinephrine can be further converted to Epinephrine by the enzyme Phenylethanolamine
... Continue reading "Epinephrine Synthesis, Adrenergic Receptors & Pharmacology" »