Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Understanding Nature vs. Nurture

Key Definitions

• Nature: What you are when you're born (often associated with genetics).
• Nurture: What you get from life (often associated with environment and experience).

Grammar Practice: Modals and Functions

Expressing Uncertainty and Hesitation

Sentence: I hesitate, I'm not sure which way to go...

Exercise: I hesitate, I'm not sure which way to go...

Modal Verbs: Necessity

Sentence: You need to reach your goal.

Exercise: You need to reach your goal. (necessity)

Modal Verbs: Possibility

Sentence: You could be a doctor.

Exercise: You could be a doctor. (possibility)

Modal Verbs: Probability

Sentence: You might have a stable life with wife and children.

Exercise: You might have a stable life with wife and children. (probability)... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Modals, Vocabulary, and Concepts" »

Arguments for Cloning

Argument 1: Medical Benefits

Cloning offers numerous advantages, including rejuvenation, reversing heart attacks, and treating infertility. It also has applications in plastic, reconstructive, and cosmetic surgery. Furthermore, cloning can help eliminate defective genes and provide other significant benefits by enabling scientists to create or remove new cells.

Argument 2: Stem Cell Applications

Stem cells, which are undifferentiated cells capable of becoming any cell type, are crucial for cloning. They accelerate the process of finding donors for patients. For instance, if a patient requires new skin cells due to severe burns, doctors can clone stem cells to generate the necessary skin cells, greatly aiding recovery.

Argument

Understanding Relationships & Personal Ownership

Key Relationship Vocabulary

• Ask (someone) out - pedir salir
• Be on the rebound - estar en el rebote
• Be seeing (someone) - estar saliendo con alguien
• Be through (with someone) - haber terminado con alguien
• Break off (a relationship) - romper una relación
• Cheat on (someone) - ser infiel a alguien
• Dump (someone) - dejar a alguien
• Fancy (someone) - que te atraiga alguien
• Have a crush on (someone) - tener atracción por alguien
• Have a date with (someone)
• Have a row with (someone) - tener una discusión
• Hurt (someone) - herir a alguien (emocionalmente)
• On the rocks - a punto de desmoronarse (una relación)
• Split up with (someone) - separarse de alguien
• There are plenty more fish in the sea - hay muchas más personas

Mastering English Grammar Essentials

English Verb Tenses: Structures and Usage

Present Simple

• Structure: Verb + s/es (for third person singular)
• Common Time Expressions: always, usually, generally, often, sometimes, every week, never, every day, at night

Present Continuous

• Structure: am/is/are + verb + ing
• Common Time Expressions: now, right now, at the moment, this year, at present, today, next, tomorrow (for future arrangements)

Past Simple

• Structure: Verb + ed / irregular verb (did for negative/questions)
• Common Time Expressions: yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 2004, when, then, 15th century

Past Continuous

• Structure: was/were + verb + ing
• Common Time Expressions: last night, last week, last year, at 3:00, when, while, as

Future Simple

• Structure:

English Synonyms

• Awful - Horrible
• Believe - Think (Pienso)
• Dangerous - Risky (Peligroso)
• Feeling - Emotion (Sentimiento)
• Quick - Fast (Rápido)
• Surprised - Shocked (Sorprendente)
• Fantastic - Great (Fantástico)
• Enormous - Huge (Enorme)
• Tiny - Very small (Muy pequeño)
• Frightened - Afraid (Miedoso)
• Attractive - Beautiful (Atractivo)
• Comfortable - Cozy (Cómodo)
• Run away - Escape (Huir)
• Grow up - Become an adult (Crecer)
• Marks - Results (Marcas)
• Peaceful - Quiet (Tranquilo)
• Pleasant - Kind (Agradable)
• Skyscraper - Tall building (Rascacielos)
• Underground - Tube (Subterráneo)
• Sort of - Kind of (Tipo de)
• Crowded - Plenty of people (Lleno de personas)
• Free time - Spare time (Tiempo libre)
• Allow - Let (Permitir)
• Refuse - Reject (Rechazar)
• Escape - Run away (Escapar)
• Get on

Genetic Material/DNA

Variable Cell Count

1. DNA must contain biologically useful information.
2. Must be capable of reproduction = replication = growth.
3. Must be decodable (MRNA) transcription/translation.
4. Must be able to change or show variation (mutate/adapt).

H20 Sample -> 1ml -> A10(2) -> 1ml -> B10(4) -> 1ml -> C10(6)
0.1ml D10(5) F10(7)
1ml E10(4) G10(6)
- Pour 10ml cooled molten agar over the bottom of the plate, close the lid, swirl to mix and allow to solidify.
- Invert & incubate at 37C for 24-48h.
- After incubation, observe.
- Select a plate with 30-300 colonies.
- Count all colonies on the agar surface/embedded in agar.
- Colonies X dilution factor = colonies/ml

Griffith's Experiment

1. Injected living S in mouse - mouse died.
2. Injected

II- Processes Relevant to Drug Therapy: Pharma/PK/PD

Drug Phases:

• Phase 1 (Pharmaceutical Phase): Drug taken orally becomes soluble, allowing it to pass through biological membranes. This phase is absent in subcutaneous, IM, and IV administration.
• Phase 2 (Pharmacokinetic Phase): Involves absorption (primarily through the small intestine), distribution, metabolism (biotransformation, mainly in the liver), and excretion.
• Phase 3 (Pharmacodynamic Phase): Refers to the biological or physiological response to the drug.

Pharmaceutics Phase (Dissolution):

This is the initial stage of drug action and involves two steps:

• Disintegration: The breakdown of tablets into smaller particles.
• Dissolution: The dissolving of these smaller particles into gastrointestinal

The Good and the Bad of the Internet

The Internet plays a major part in our lives, offering many benefits to children and young people. However, there are also risks associated with being online. Below are videos discussing the benefits and risks for children and young people using the Internet.

Internet Worms

These independent virtual viruses spread through the Internet, break into computers, and replicate. Internet worms can be included in any type of virus, script, or program. Unlike Trojans or other viruses that require user intervention to spread, Internet worms can spread on their own.

Grooming

Grooming in the real world can take place in various locations: at home, in the neighborhood, at school, in youth and sports clubs, or at church. Online... Continue reading "Internet Safety: Protecting Children & Teens Online" »

What Is a Healthy Diet?

A good diet is important for our health and can help us feel our best. No single food contains all the essential nutrients the body needs to stay healthy and work properly. Our diets should contain a variety of different foods to help us get the wide range of nutrients that our bodies require.

Energy Balance for a Healthy Diet

A healthy diet should provide us with the right amount of energy balance, where the calories consumed from the diet equal the calories used by the body. We need these calories for all the functions of the body. Consuming extra calories will cause weight gain.

The Mediterranean Diet

It is a traditional diet originating from the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea.

Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet

• Reduces

Self-Care for Colds and Flu

What do you do to look after yourself when you catch a cold or the flu? In Madrid, during the month of February, it is common for people to catch a cold. Some of them don't take care of themselves.

When I am ill, I take medication for a week, for instance, ibuprofen or antibiotics; these help me to get over the cold. Secondly, I rest in my bed, and I don't go to school to not infect other people. Additionally, it is essential to eat well because some antibiotics can damage your stomach.

All in all, I believe that when one of us has a cold, it is important to take care of ourselves because these can affect you when you are older.

Can Tourism Improve Ecology?

Nowadays, tourism is an important factor in the development of... Continue reading "Self-Care, Eco-Tourism, Solving Hunger, and More" »