Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Medicine & Health

Effective Secretion Removal Techniques

Our bodies naturally produce fluid secretions in minimal quantities that usually don't obstruct the airway. The cough reflex typically eliminates any excess. However, sometimes we are unable to remove secretions due to excessive production or thickening, or an inability to cough effectively. This can occur in pathologies such as chronic respiratory conditions, in immobilized patients, postoperative patients, and patients with neuromuscular problems.

Measures to Eliminate Secretions

Hydration

Adequate hydration helps to make secretions more fluid, facilitating their expulsion.

Chest Physiotherapy

Chest physiotherapy involves various procedures, including:

• Breathing Exercises: Perform breathing exercises several

Health Challenges and Factors

Challenges:

• Increase spending on health for the whole population.
• Allocate resources efficiently.

"I'll get the health coverage for as many people as possible.

Factors:

• Immovable
• Modifiable

Environment:

• Physical contaminants
• Chemical pollutants
• Biological contaminants
• Social and labor-related pollution

Lifestyle:

• Do regular exercise
• No smoking
• Reduce or eliminate alcohol
• Not using drugs
• Have a healthy diet
• Sexual health

Biological Factors:

• Aging and genetic operators

Health Systems

A health system is the form by which a country organizes and funds health protection and the provision of medical services to its citizens. It is characterized by:

• Universal coverage
• Financing through taxes
• Guaranteeing equal access to resources and services

Pathology

Phosphodiesterase III Inhibitors in Heart Failure

These drugs block phosphodiesterase, increasing calcium available for cardiac contraction. This enhances contractility and vasodilation, increasing cardiac output and reducing peripheral resistance.

Side Effects of Sodium Channel Blockers

Common side effects include dizziness, taste disturbance, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, and acifenos.

Doxazosin Uses

Doxazosin is used in men to treat symptoms of enlarged prostate, including difficulty urinating, painful urination, frequent urination, and urgency.

Cholestyramine: Special Considerations

It is recommended to separate the administration of cholestyramine and other drugs by 1 to 4 hours. This medication may decrease the absorption of vitamins (A, D,... Continue reading "Pharmacology: Effects, Side Effects, and Considerations" »

Sterilization Process Validation: Ensuring Effective Control

Objective: To ensure effective sterilization.

Physical Controls

Values of pressure, temperature, time, and humidity are monitored to ensure proper sterilization parameters are met.

Chemical Controls

Chemical controls are compounds that change color upon interaction with the sterilizing agent. External indicators show that the sterilizing agent reached the surface of the package. Internal indicators confirm whether the sterilizing agent penetrated inside the package. The Dick Bowie test, commonly used in autoclaves, uses paper impregnated with a compound that changes color upon successful sterilization. It is used daily to verify the device's functionality and the sterilizing agent's reach.... Continue reading "Sterilization Process Validation: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Controls" »

Workplace Risk Prevention Fundamentals

Prevention: A set of activities or measures designed to eliminate or minimize risk.

Preventive Techniques

Methods used to eliminate or minimize workplace risks, including:

• Job Security Analysis
• Occupational or Industrial Hygiene
• Psychosociology and Ergonomics
• Occupational Medicine

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

Equipment worn by workers to minimize exposure to hazards.

Safety Signal Types

• Yellow: Warning
• Round Red: Prohibition
• Round Blue: Obligation
• Red (Specific Shape): Fire Equipment
• Green: Rescue or Emergency Escape/First-Aid

Industrial Hygiene Focus Areas

• Chemical Agents
• Physical Agents (e.g., noise, radiation)
• Biological Agents

Prevention must be implemented collaboratively and promoted at all organizational levels.... Continue reading "Workplace Safety and Risk Prevention Essentials" »

Maternity Leave Case: Official Category Worker (Cluster 8)

A worker in the official category (cluster 8) is pregnant. Her suspension period begins on October 13th due to the inability to continue in her position or a similar one because of risk during the contribution base for pregnancy. The professional contingencies during April (without overtime) were 1,680. Last year, 970 hours of overtime were recorded.

We need to calculate the financial benefits the worker is entitled to receive during October. The following information outlines the benefits paid and worker contributions to Social Security (SS):

• Daily wage: Pregnant worker
• Lower-risk pregnancy: May 13th - payroll month of May
• Base for professional contingencies: April - 1680 (without overtime)

Verb Aspects

Verb aspects describe the temporal flow or state of an action.

• Inchoative: Marks the beginning of an action. Examples: put, throw, break, start.
• Durative: Indicates the action is ongoing. Examples: to be, go, walk, come, study.
• Completive: Indicates the completion of an action. Example: finish.
• Resultative: Focuses on the result of the action. Examples: have, take, get, make localized.
• Obligation: Expresses necessity. Examples: must, have to.
• Probability: Indicates likelihood. Examples: duty, power, come.

Determiners and Pronouns

• Individual: el, la, los, las.
• Indefinite: a, an, a few, some.
• Demonstrative: this, that, these, those.
• Possessive: my, your, his, ours, yours, theirs; mine, yours, theirs.
• Indefinite Pronouns: one, several, many, every,

1000 Calorie Diet Plan: Sample Menu

The following 1000 calorie diet includes: 60g protein, 30g fat, and 120g carbohydrates.

Breakfast:

• 200 ml of skimmed milk
• 20g of white or wheat bread

Midmorning:

• Choose one food from the FRUIT group.

Lunch:

• Choose one food from the VEGETABLES group.
• Choose one food from the FARINÁCEOS (starch) group.
• Choose one food from the PROTEIN group.
• Choose one food from the FRUIT group.

Snack:

• Choose one food from the FRUIT group.

Dinner:

• Choose one food from the VEGETABLES group.
• Choose one food from the FARINÁCEOS (starch) group.
• Choose one food from the PROTEIN group.
• Choose one food from the FRUIT group.

Before Bed:

• 200 ml skimmed milk or 2 fat-free plain yogurts.

Oil: 10g = 1 tablespoon for the whole day, which can be olive, soybean,... Continue reading "1000 Calorie Diet Plan: Sample Menu and Food Choices" »

Antibiotic Discovery

Fleming observed that a bacterial culture he had abandoned had deteriorated because a colony of fungi had grown in the culture. The fungus produced the death of the bacteria it came into contact with. Work continued until Fleming identified and extracted the substance from the fungus that was lethal to bacteria: penicillin.

Tumors

Normal tissue cells divide to produce other cells to replace old and damaged ones. These cells must die to make room for new ones. Sometimes, they produce more cells than necessary, or old cells do not die when they should. In such cases, a tumor forms, which is defined as a disorganized mass of tissue.

• Benign tumors remain in the place where they have been formed because their cells do not move.
• Malignant

Risk Evaluation and Assessment

Risk assessment is a process to detect and estimate the magnitude of all enterprise risks, identify those that can be removed, and act on those that cannot be avoided. The assessment provides information to make appropriate decisions, identifying the need for preventive measures and selecting the most suitable ones. To perform a risk assessment, a systematic analysis of all aspects of the workplace is needed, taking into account:

• The nature of the company's activity.
• The characteristics and number of exposed workers.

The risk assessment includes the analysis and evaluation of risk.

Risk Analysis

Risk analysis consists of the following phases:

1. Identifying the Hazard: A hazard is understood as any source of injury, damage