Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Primary Care Program for Seniors in Mallorca

Since 2000, primary care has been developing the Care Program for Seniors. Here is a quick review of the main points covered.

General Objective

To improve the health and quality of life of people 75 or older who live in Mallorca.

Specific Objectives

• Increase uptake of risk assessment in homes.
• Increase the proportion of older people with healthy lifestyles.
• Reduce the situations that increase the risk of illness, complications, and sequelae.
• Reduce the incidence of accidents and falls.
• Reduce the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases (tetanus, flu).
• Reduce the number of elderly with mental or social functional disability secondary to chronic conditions.
• Reduce unnecessary hospitalizations and readmissions.

Crouching

bending

Grievance

offend

Aquamarine

pale-blue semiprecious stone

Seizure

grab

Daunt

scare

Besieged

surrounded

Affordable

Accessible

Astrakhan

sheepskin newborn

Dumbfounded

surprised

Subjugate

to humiliate

Banal

not important

Bizarro

Valiente - rare

Gap

opening

Brio

value

Blade

thin grass

Honing

polish

Hot

very hot

Candidly

simplicity

Refrain

annoying repetition

Capital

top of a column

Carrara

loading a truck

Cerulean

blue

Sizzle

make sharp noises

Cover

quilt

Concise

compact

Conviction

security

Zip

close

Curare

Poison

Gift

charity

Swallowing

swallow

Left

traces of a feeling

Deplore

regret

Slip

slight error

Skinning

remove

Teaching

on education

Squander

to waste

Dissent

disagreement

Elegy

a poem sad uy

Empirical

Based on experience

Skirmish

fight small

Scrutinize

review

Stampede

escape violent

Status

regulation

Etymology

origin

Continuation of Item 4:

Incorrect Attitudes Towards Family Illness

The following are incorrect attitudes when dealing with the illness of a family member:

1. Permanently refusing to face reality, which negatively affects the patient's psychological development.
2. Overprotecting the patient.
3. Interrupting all recreational activities, i.e., not allowing distractions.
4. Falling into servitude, that is, doing everything the patient says. This can lead to the patient and family resenting this behavior and engaging in recriminations.
5. Having a passive and inept attitude, that is, not wanting to learn how to care for the sick person.
6. Maintaining feelings of rage and anger for an extended period, which often accompanies the illness.
7. Anticipating the mourning stage,

Bowel Elimination Physiology in the Elderly

In the elderly, stools are less frequent and may be harder. Constipation is a common complaint among healthy elderly patients, often without a clear single etiology. Aging produces:

• Slowing of gastrointestinal motility.
• Mucosal and intestinal muscle atrophy.
• Reduced nerve function in the intestine, rectum, and anus.

Subjective Constipation

In the elderly, this is usually related to incorrect assessments or ideas acquired due to cognitive decline.

Manifestations

Unrealistic expectations regarding the quantity and timing of bowel movements, leading to the abuse of laxatives.

Criteria Scores

The elderly person must:

• Recognize their bowel pattern as normal.
• Recognize the negative effects of laxatives.
• Specify activities

Lung Cancer Classification and Characteristics

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)

• Usually originates in a central location.
• High risk of lymph node metastases.
• Most patients present with metastases at diagnosis.

Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC)

• Adenocarcinoma

  • Usually peripheral.
  • More frequent in nonsmokers and women.
  • High risk of lymph node invasion and distant metastases.

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • The most common of all lung cancers.
  • Normally affects the bronchi.
  • High risk of nodal involvement.

• Large Cell Carcinoma

Other Lung Tumors

• Carcinoid Tumors

Oncological Treatment for Lung Cancer

Treatment for Stages I and II Lung Cancer

Surgical Treatment (Surgery)

• Lobectomy: Excision of the lobe containing the tumor.
• Pneumonectomy: Full excision of the lung. Performed if

A

• In a good deal: Many, above all, especially abroad.
• Accountant: The stranger.
• Address book: Contact.
• Afford: Allow.
• All in all: In general.
• Alow/Allow: Permit.
• Annoyed: Angry.
• Apply for: Seek.
• Approach: Method.
• Ardent: Fervent.
• As long as: Provided that.
• Assortment: Collection.
• Avoid: Evade.

B

• Be about to: Ready to.
• Beat about the bush: Avoid saying something directly.
• Beg: Plead.
• Boarding school: Residential school.
• Boot: Car trunk.
• Bottom line: The main point.
• Break a habit: Stop a habit.
• Break someone's heart: Cause emotional pain.
• Break the news: Inform.
• Bursts into tears: Starts crying.
• Business executive: Executive.

C

• Cab: Taxi.
• Can: Tin.
• Candy: Sweets.
• Chance: Occasion.
• Charm: Attractive quality.
• Check: Examine.
• Cheer: Applaud.
• Chemist's: Pharmacy.
• Choice: Option.
• Clap:

Key Facts on Nutrition and Dietary Guidelines

42. In the case of basic amino acids, such as alanine, the body *lacks* synthesis mechanisms to address the needs. False

43. In myocardial infarction, a soft diet is recommended because it is easily digestible, *not* involving a remarkable effort. True

44. Involuntary feeding is conscious and includes all activities aimed at obtaining food. False

45. Type II diabetes usually occurs in individuals older than 35-40 years and is associated with resistance to the action of insulin. True

46. The raw fiber that is ingested in uncooked vegetables, would be the same as the total ingested fiber if those same vegetables were cooked. False

47. Fructose is a *monosaccharide*, and its main nutritional interest is... Continue reading "Nutrition and Dietary Guidelines: Key Facts" »

Intervention in Language Problems

This relates to patients with difficulties in language acquisition, verbal expression, pronunciation, reading, and writing. The speech therapist's role is to teach effective communication strategies and provide systems that enable individuals to express themselves through spoken, written, or gestural means.

Speech Therapy

Speech therapy is a discipline encompassing the study, prevention, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of language pathologies.

Speech Articulation Disorders

• Dyslalia: Difficulty articulating phonemes (vowels and consonants) correctly.
  • Evolutionary: Language immaturity.
  • Audiogenic: Hearing impairment.
  • Functional: Difficulty controlling speech organs.
  • Organic: Organ impairment.
• Diglossia: Changes in

Measles Protection: Vaccination and Natural Immunity

A concerned aunt has two children: one 8 years old and another 1 year and 8 months old. The younger child has contracted measles. The aunt is particularly worried about her 8-year-old, fearing that contracting measles at that age could lead to sterility. She asks why the doctor assured her that her 8-year-old son was already protected.

Explanation of Protection:

• Vaccine-Acquired Immunity: The 8-year-old child is likely protected because, at 12 months of age, children typically receive the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. This is a preventive vaccine that provides acquired immunity through the introduction of an external agent (the vaccine).
• Natural Immunity from Prior Illness: Another

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