Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Mastering English Grammar Essentials

English Verb Tenses: Structures and Usage

Present Simple

• Structure: Verb + s/es (for third person singular)
• Common Time Expressions: always, usually, generally, often, sometimes, every week, never, every day, at night

Present Continuous

• Structure: am/is/are + verb + ing
• Common Time Expressions: now, right now, at the moment, this year, at present, today, next, tomorrow (for future arrangements)

Past Simple

• Structure: Verb + ed / irregular verb (did for negative/questions)
• Common Time Expressions: yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 2004, when, then, 15th century

Past Continuous

• Structure: was/were + verb + ing
• Common Time Expressions: last night, last week, last year, at 3:00, when, while, as

Future Simple

• Structure:

English Synonyms

• Awful - Horrible
• Believe - Think (Pienso)
• Dangerous - Risky (Peligroso)
• Feeling - Emotion (Sentimiento)
• Quick - Fast (Rápido)
• Surprised - Shocked (Sorprendente)
• Fantastic - Great (Fantástico)
• Enormous - Huge (Enorme)
• Tiny - Very small (Muy pequeño)
• Frightened - Afraid (Miedoso)
• Attractive - Beautiful (Atractivo)
• Comfortable - Cozy (Cómodo)
• Run away - Escape (Huir)
• Grow up - Become an adult (Crecer)
• Marks - Results (Marcas)
• Peaceful - Quiet (Tranquilo)
• Pleasant - Kind (Agradable)
• Skyscraper - Tall building (Rascacielos)
• Underground - Tube (Subterráneo)
• Sort of - Kind of (Tipo de)
• Crowded - Plenty of people (Lleno de personas)
• Free time - Spare time (Tiempo libre)
• Allow - Let (Permitir)
• Refuse - Reject (Rechazar)
• Escape - Run away (Escapar)
• Get on

Genetic Material/DNA

Variable Cell Count

1. DNA must contain biologically useful information.
2. Must be capable of reproduction = replication = growth.
3. Must be decodable (MRNA) transcription/translation.
4. Must be able to change or show variation (mutate/adapt).

H20 Sample -> 1ml -> A10(2) -> 1ml -> B10(4) -> 1ml -> C10(6)
0.1ml D10(5) F10(7)
1ml E10(4) G10(6)
- Pour 10ml cooled molten agar over the bottom of the plate, close the lid, swirl to mix and allow to solidify.
- Invert & incubate at 37C for 24-48h.
- After incubation, observe.
- Select a plate with 30-300 colonies.
- Count all colonies on the agar surface/embedded in agar.
- Colonies X dilution factor = colonies/ml

Griffith's Experiment

1. Injected living S in mouse - mouse died.
2. Injected

II- Processes Relevant to Drug Therapy: Pharma/PK/PD

Drug Phases:

• Phase 1 (Pharmaceutical Phase): Drug taken orally becomes soluble, allowing it to pass through biological membranes. This phase is absent in subcutaneous, IM, and IV administration.
• Phase 2 (Pharmacokinetic Phase): Involves absorption (primarily through the small intestine), distribution, metabolism (biotransformation, mainly in the liver), and excretion.
• Phase 3 (Pharmacodynamic Phase): Refers to the biological or physiological response to the drug.

Pharmaceutics Phase (Dissolution):

This is the initial stage of drug action and involves two steps:

• Disintegration: The breakdown of tablets into smaller particles.
• Dissolution: The dissolving of these smaller particles into gastrointestinal

The Good and the Bad of the Internet

The Internet plays a major part in our lives, offering many benefits to children and young people. However, there are also risks associated with being online. Below are videos discussing the benefits and risks for children and young people using the Internet.

Internet Worms

These independent virtual viruses spread through the Internet, break into computers, and replicate. Internet worms can be included in any type of virus, script, or program. Unlike Trojans or other viruses that require user intervention to spread, Internet worms can spread on their own.

Grooming

Grooming in the real world can take place in various locations: at home, in the neighborhood, at school, in youth and sports clubs, or at church. Online... Continue reading "Internet Safety: Protecting Children & Teens Online" »

Self-Care for Colds and Flu

What do you do to look after yourself when you catch a cold or the flu? In Madrid, during the month of February, it is common for people to catch a cold. Some of them don't take care of themselves.

When I am ill, I take medication for a week, for instance, ibuprofen or antibiotics; these help me to get over the cold. Secondly, I rest in my bed, and I don't go to school to not infect other people. Additionally, it is essential to eat well because some antibiotics can damage your stomach.

All in all, I believe that when one of us has a cold, it is important to take care of ourselves because these can affect you when you are older.

Can Tourism Improve Ecology?

Nowadays, tourism is an important factor in the development of... Continue reading "Self-Care, Eco-Tourism, Solving Hunger, and More" »

Fingernails

: (The name of the nails you have on your fingers)

Toenails

: (The name of the nails you have on your toes)

Eyelashes

: (short curved hairs, that protect the eyes from dust)

Brain cells

: (Cells from your brain)

Cheeks

: (Either side of the face below the eye they can turn red in embarrassing)

Forehead

: (The part of the face above the eyebrows)

Thigh

: (the part of the human leg between the hip and the knee)

Belly button

: (A person's navel)

Lung

: (An organ to breathe which is protected by the ribs)

Muscle

: (One of many parts in the body that are connected to your bones and help you to move)

Blood vessels

: (A tube through which the blood circulates in the body)

Heel

: (The back part of your feet)

Jaw

: (The body part we use to chew, it contains your... Continue reading "Human Body Parts and Actions: A Comprehensive List" »

A problem-solution essay

Parágrafo 1: Introducción

Parágrafo 2: Describir 2 o 3 problemas

Parágrafo 3: Sugerir soluciones del problema

Parágrafo 4: Conclusion

These days a sedentary lifestyle is becoming more and more popular despite a big number of sport facilities. This essay will discuss the main problems associated with this epidemic and propose some possible solutions to avoid them.

The main problems caused by inactive lifestyle are obesity and various spine disorders. A growing number of body research shows that long periods of physical inactivity raise a risk of becoming overweight. What's more, a lot of studies show that so-called 'sitting disease' often results in posture and backbone problems. Due to constant sitting, a person loses... Continue reading "The Impact of Sedentary Lifestyle: Problems and Solutions" »

The Unpredictable Fury of Nature

In December 2004, Pat Ralston was enjoying a luxurious stay at a Thai hotel. As he relaxed on the balcony, engrossed in a book, the beach below buzzed with volleyball players. The sun painted a picture of paradise. Suddenly, the idyllic scene dissolved into chaos as a tsunami roared ashore, engulfing the beach and hotel in its watery grip. Pat miraculously survived, but the immense wave left a trail of devastation across Southeast Asia, claiming thousands of lives and reducing buildings and villages to rubble.

Even the seemingly safe haven of a ship offers no guarantee against nature's wrath. In April 2005, the cruise ship Norwegian Dawn encountered a monstrous 21-meter wave near the Bahamas after battling two... Continue reading "The Power of Preparedness: How We Can Reduce Deaths from Natural Disasters" »

Tilikum's Early Life and Trauma

Blackfish analyzes how Tilikum’s life led up to his violent encounters. Tilikum was captured as a calf off the coast of Iceland, being separated from his family and taken to Sea Land of the Pacific in British Columbia. At Sea Land, Tilikum and the other orcas were placed in a 30 by 20 foot module at night, with barely enough room to float, and with the lights turned off, leaving him in total darkness and no room to swim. Animal specialists interviewed in the film claim that this led to a type of psychosis.

Tilikum's Involvement in Human Deaths

After Sea Land of the Pacific went out of business in 1992, Tilikum was transferred to Sea World, Orlando. Other than Dawn Brancheau’s death, Tilikum played a part in... Continue reading "Tilikum and Blackfish: Trauma of Orcas in Captivity" »