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Production Cost Calculation: A Step-by-Step Analysis

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This document outlines the steps to calculate production costs, including equivalent units and costs for work-in-progress (WIP) and finished goods.

Step 1 - Determine the units of product to account for (how much inventory do we need to track?)
Units in beginning WIP30,000
+ Units started this period155,000
= Total units to account for185,000
Step 2 - Determine the number of units of product accounted for (where is the inventory at the end of the month?)
Step 2 MUST equal Step 1
Units in beginning WIP30,000
+ Units started and completed during the period119,000149,000 finished - 30,000 started last month = 119,000 started and finished this month
+ Units in ending WIP36,00030,000 Beg WIP + 155,000 started - 149,000 finished = 36,000 not finished
= Total
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Key Tax Concepts and Calculations Explained

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  1. What does boot mean?
  2. How to determine the basis of taxable and non-taxable stock dividends?
  3. How to determine if a gain is long-term or short-term?
  4. How does capital gain/loss netting work?
  5. What is the tax rate of regular long-term capital gain? [0%, 15%, 20%]
  6. Individual taxpayers can deduct net capital loss (short-term or long-term) up to $3,000 per year.
  7. The maximum tax rate for collectibles is 28%; the maximum tax rate for unrecaptured Section 1250 gain is 25%.
  8. How to determine amount realized? How to determine amount realized when there is debt assumption?
  9. What is unrecaptured Section 1250 gain? How to calculate it?
  10. What is the basis of gifts? How to determine the holding period of a gift?
  11. How to determine the adjusted basis?
  12. How to determine realized
... Continue reading "Key Tax Concepts and Calculations Explained" »
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Monthly Financial Data and Break-Even Analysis

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Monthly Financial Data

9001000125014001500750
JulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember
Sales per Unit (£50)450005000062500700007500037500
Purchases per Unit (£24)216002400030000336003600018000

Receipts

Opening Balance10000(1650)210056501250021250
Cost of Sales (40%)180002000025000280003000015000
Credit Sales (60%)2700030000375004200045000
Total Receipts280004535057100711508450081250

Payments

Purchases Cash (50%)10800120001500016800180009000
Purchases Credit (50%)1080012000150001680018000
Direct Labour per Unit (£13)11700130001625018200195009750
Variable Overheads per Unit (£3)270030003750420045002250
Selling and Distribution Costs800800800800800800
Supervisor Salary180018001800180018001800
Fixed Production Costs185018501850185018501850
Total Payments296504325051450586506325043450
Closing
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Financial Calculations

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1. Present Value of an Investment

15 Years Case

Present Value of the Investment = $4,900 [ (1/0.08) − (1/0.08(1 + 0.08)^15)] = $41,941.45

2. Effective Annual Rate (EAR)

EAR = (1 + (APR/m))^m − 1 If m becomes infinite, EAR = e^APR − 1

7% APR and quarterly compounding: EAR = (1 + (0.07/4))^4 − 1 = 7.19%

16% APR and monthly compounding: EAR = (1 + (0.16/12))^12 − 1 = 17.23%

11% APR and daily compounding: EAR = (1 + (0.11/365))^365 − 1 = 11.63%

3. Value of a Perpetual Stream of Payments

Present Value of the Perpetuity = (Payment/Interest Rate) Payment = $2,500, Interest Rate = 0.061

PV of the perpetuity at date t=14 is $2,500/0.061 = $40,983.61. Discounting it back to date t=7, we should have PV7 = $40,983.61/(1+0.061)^7 = $27,077.12.

4. Bond

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Market Research: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Consumer Behavior

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Operationalizing Concepts

Operationalizing involves transforming abstract concepts into measurable and tangible factors. This is achieved by examining the behavioral dimensions, facets, or properties associated with the concept. For instance:

  • Achievement Motivation: Measured by observing behaviors like the inability to relax or constantly thinking about work, even at home.

Structured Observation

Structured observation is the systematic recording of predetermined behavioral patterns of individuals, objects, and events. Examples include:

  • Personal Observation: Mystery shopping, pantry audits
    • Advantages: Clarifies questionnaire doubts, captures non-verbal cues.
    • Disadvantages: High cost, time-consuming, geographical limitations, potential for response
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q

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Information Design Basics. Consists in presenting information in an efficient way that benefits from the use of proper information Design techniques. In computing information can take many forms (2d,3d) , so interface design can be crucial to the success of any kind of system. Rueda: Complex: Abstract, functional, exclusive, multidimensional, novel y Single. Understandable: Figurative: represent object from it reference, Cosmetic: functionally with beauty, Light: quality is more than quantity ,one dimensiona: information that is shown, familiar: common items and redundant: some information displayed.
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International Business and Global Competitiveness: Key Concepts and Strategies

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) What is the difference between PEST, PESTEL, STEEPLE, and SLEPT Analysis?

16.) What are a corporation's dynamic capabilities and why is it important to be aware of them as part of the strategic management process?

17.) Different internationalization strategies are normally compared based on two main dimensions. What are these two dimensions and why were they originally chosen by companies to compare their internationalization strategies?

18.) How can a company create competitive advantage in its most basic form?

19.) What are sources of competitive advantage?

20.) What is the next step after you have conducted a PEST Analysis? How do you use such an Analysis?

21.) In class we discussed four basic levels of internationalization. Name and compare... Continue reading "International Business and Global Competitiveness: Key Concepts and Strategies" »

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Simple past grammar

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PASIVE 

present simple: I make a cake //// A cake is made 
present continus: i am making a cake/// A make is being made 
past simple I made a cake /// A cake was made 
past continuous I was making a cake/// A cake was being made 
present perfect I have made a cake/// A cake has been made 
present perfect continuos I have been making a cake/// A cake has been being made
Past perfect: I had made a cake/// A cake had been made
Future simple I will make a cake/// A cake will be made 
Future perfect I will have made a cake/// A cake will have been made
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Essential Math Formulas and Concepts: A Quick Reference

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Essential Math Formulas and Concepts

Volume of Shapes

(a) Cube:

  • Formula: V = s3 (where s is the length of a side)
  • Example: A cube with side length 4 cm

V = 43 = 64 cm3

(b) Cylinder:

  • Formula: V = πr2h (where r is the radius and h is the height)
  • Example: A cylinder with radius 2 cm and height 6 cm

V = π(22)(6) = 24π cm3 (approximate value)

Surface Area of Shapes

(a) Cube:

  • Formula: SA = 6s2 (where s is the length of a side)
  • Example: A cube with side length 3 cm

SA = 6(32) = 54 cm2

(b) Cone:

  • Formula: SA = πr(r + √(r2 + h2)) (where r is the radius and h is the height)
  • Example: A cone with radius 5 cm and height 8 cm

SA = π(5)(5 + √(52 + 82)) = 129.74 cm2 (approximate value)

Stem and Leaf Plot

(a) Mean:

  • Example: Data: 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15

Mean = (5 + 7 + 8... Continue reading "Essential Math Formulas and Concepts: A Quick Reference" »

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Discrete Math Relations Induction Combinatorics

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Discrete Math Concepts

Binary Relations

Cartesian Product

The Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted A × B, is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a is in A and b is in B.

Example: If A = {0, 1}, the Cartesian product A × A is {(0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1)}.

Properties of Binary Relations

A binary relation R on a set A can have several properties:

  1. Reflexive: For all x ∈ A, (x, x) ∈ R.
  2. Symmetric: For all x, y ∈ A, if (x, y) ∈ R, then (y, x) ∈ R.
  3. Transitive: For all x, y, z ∈ A, if (x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R, then (x, z) ∈ R.
  4. Irreflexive: For all x ∈ A, (x, x) ∉ R.
  5. Antisymmetric: For all x, y ∈ A, if (x, y) ∈ R and (y, x) ∈ R, then x = y.

Examples of Relation Properties

Consider a set A = {0, 1}.

  • The relation R = A
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