Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

The Lease of Services and the ILO

The lease of services under Article 1544 of the Civil Code: This defines the lease of work or services as a contract under which one party undertakes to perform work or provide a service to another for a settled price.

International Labour Organization (ILO): The ILO aims to improve the living and working conditions of workers internationally. Its most important function is to create rules called conventions. Once ratified and published in the BOE (Official State Gazette), these become part of domestic legislation and take precedence over national standards, except for the Constitution.

Business Outsourcing and Subcontracting

Outsourcing: This involves hiring a business or businesses, groups, or outsiders to take... Continue reading "Essential Principles of Spanish and European Labor Law" »

I. Concept of Real Rights

Patrimonial Rights: Real Rights vs. Obligations

These rights possess an economic value and can be evaluated accordingly. A real right attaches to the holder, granting them authority over an object that everyone else must respect. It is always exercised over a specific thing.

Actions: In Rem vs. In Personam

• Rights in rem (Real Rights): These are actions directed toward the actual property. The owner may exercise an action against anyone in possession of the object.
• Rights in personam (Obligational Law): These actions are directed against a specific debtor. The creditor demands the fulfillment of a benefit from the debtor, rather than asserting a right over a thing.

Rating

Iura in re aliena

These are property rights held over... Continue reading "Understanding Real Rights: Property Law and Obligations" »

Functional Mobility and Job Changes

Functional mobility: The worker is required to perform the work agreed upon joining the company. The employer may unilaterally change the functions that the employee was performing as usual.

Options for Individual Transfers

If the individual is moved, the worker may take the following decisions:

• Accept the Transfer: The company must pay the costs incurred by the worker and their families who are moved.
• Terminate the Contract: The worker shall be entitled to receive indemnification of 20 days of salary per year worked, pro-rated for periods shorter than a year, up to a maximum of 12 months.
• Go to Labor Court: Without prejudice to the enforceability of the transfers, if the transfer is unjustified, the employee will

Credit Instruments

The instruments most commonly used in exchanges between companies are the bill of exchange, checks, and promissory notes.

Bill of Exchange

A bill of exchange is a commercial document whereby a person, the drawer, orders another, the drawee, to pay a certain amount of money on a particular date. The payment of the bill of exchange can be made to the drawer or a third party called the beneficiary, payee, or holder, to whom the drawer has sent or endorsed the bill of exchange.

• The drawer: Is the person who is a creditor of the debt and who issues the bill of exchange.
• The drawee: Is the debtor who must pay the bill of exchange. The drawee may accept or reject the payment order given by the drawer, and if they accept it, they are

The American Revolution: Birth of a Nation

The American Revolution was a conflict between thirteen British colonies in North America and Great Britain between 1775 and 1783. From this process, a new nation emerged. The new state that emerged from the revolution settled on a set of values and institutions inspired by liberal thought. According to them, at birth, anyone has a series of guaranteed natural, individual, and transferable rights: life, liberty, equality, property, the right to overthrow an unjust government, legal defense, and freedom of expression, association, and the press. These rights were enshrined early in the Declaration of Independence (Philadelphia, July 4, 1776), written by Thomas Jefferson, and the Virginia Declaration... Continue reading "American Revolution: Birth of a Nation & Its Constitution" »

Conflict Between Treaties and Domestic Law

What happens internally if there is a conflict between a duly incorporated international treaty and a contrary national law? Which ultimately prevails?

Distinguishing Two Situations of Conflict

We must distinguish two primary situations regarding the timing of enactment:

1. The Treaty is Later than the Law: In this case, it is generally recognized that the treaty takes precedence. Since the treaty often has the same force as a law, the principle of lex posterior derogat priori (a later law repeals an earlier one) applies, especially since treaties often contain special rules that apply preferentially.
2. The Law is Later than the Treaty: In this scenario, efforts must be made to avoid conflict. The national law

Item 4 - Politics: The Art of Directing and Organizing the State

Politics is the art of directing and organizing the polis (the state).

• Rules: They seek to regulate the behavior of human freedom to achieve certain values.
• Institution: Systems organized in society, permanently, which aim to meet certain needs. Examples of institutions are the institution of marriage, unions, etc. Institutions are regulated in turn by norms.
• State and Types: Partnerships with institutions that manage political power. There are three types: slave, feudal, and modern.
• Modern State: It can be defined as a social institution with universal jurisdiction. It is a source of legality, has a monopoly of coercive power, and is sovereign.
• Absolutism: A government system in which

Fungible and Infungible Assets Explained

ITEM 19 Expendable and Expendable INFUNGIBLE ASSETS are those that can be replaced by other homogeneous assets equivalent to each other and covered by their characteristics or generic qualities. Example: money, a book.

Infungible goods are those that are identified in any legal relationship taking into account their own characteristics, which need not occur in the remaining assets of the category. Example: a book dedicated by the author or a particular box.

YOUR MONEY AS WELL AS CONSUMABLES is a unit of measure of value that is given to things in the market. The importance of money is not in its consideration as a thing, but for being a medium of exchange and payment. Money is a material thing, currency... Continue reading "Fungible vs. Infungible Assets" »

Understanding Civil Status

Civil status is a quality people possess through which they contract rights and obligations.

Different Types of Status

• Single
• Married
• Widowed
• Divorced
• Child
• Legitimate child
• Recognized natural child
• Recognized cohabitation

Acquiring or Amending Status

Status can be acquired or amended through:

Legal Acts

Events where the will of the people participates, e.g., marriage, divorce.

Legal Facts

A fact which does not involve the will of the people and has legal impact, e.g., birth, death, majority.

Court of Law

A decision made by a judge after a process. Can modify status, e.g., an adoptive child becoming legitimate (adoptive legitimation), divorce.

Characteristics of Marital Status

1. Inherent: Inherent in the human person.
2. Imperative: Cannot

Basic Working and Employment Conditions for Temporary Workers

Member States may, after consultation with social partners at national level and on the basis of an agreement concluded by them, establish provisions concerning the basic working and employment conditions which derogate from the principle established in paragraph 1. Such arrangements may include a deadline to achieve equal treatment. The provisions referred to in this paragraph shall comply with Community law and be sufficiently precise and accessible to allow sectors and enterprises concerned to identify and meet their obligations.

Social Security and Other Schemes

Member States shall specify whether social security schemes, including pensions, cash benefits for sickness, or financial... Continue reading "Temporary Worker Rights: Conditions, Access, and Equal Treatment" »