Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

The United Nations Structure and Its Key Functions

The United Nations (UN) is structured into several key organs, each with specific functions and responsibilities. Here's an overview:

1. General Assembly (GA)

The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the UN. It comprises representatives from all Member States, each with one vote. Its functions include discussing any matter within the scope of the Charter. While it primarily issues recommendations that are not mandatory, decisions on important matters require a 2/3 majority vote, while other issues require a simple majority.

2. Security Council

The Security Council consists of 15 members, including 5 permanent members (China, Russia, USA, UK, and France) and 10 members elected by the... Continue reading "Understanding the United Nations Structure and Functions" »

Human Rights History

Though some background on the first texts (Bills of Rights) exists, such as the 1689 English Bill of Rights, which lists several human rights, it is in the eighteenth century that precedents of human rights declarations appear:

1. Virginia Declaration of Rights (USA, 1776)

   Arising in the context of the War of Independence against England, it covers the rights of citizens, although it excluded slaves and foreigners. This declaration served as a draft for the U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776).

2. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (France, 1789)

   Adopted by the National Constituent Assembly, it recognizes equal rights for all human beings, representing a significant advance compared to the Virginia Declaration. It is

Understanding Social Disparities

Gaps: Absence of Resources

Gaps refer to the absence of capacities or resources generally considered necessary to fully develop a person's human potential.

Peculiarities: Distinguishing Characteristics

Peculiarities are the characteristics of certain individuals or groups who are perceived by the rest of society as distinct.

Indifference: Lack of Compassion

Indifference is the attitude of a lack of interest and compassion that leads us to worry more about the situation and problems of others.

Xenophobia: Fear of Strangers

Xenophobia, from the Greek, signifies the fear of the stranger or foreigner. It applies to attitudes and hate towards foreign people.

Attitudes: Positive or Negative Dispositions

Attitudes are positive... Continue reading "Understanding Social Gaps, Discrimination, and Equality" »

Typical Behavior: Disclosing Secrets

This involves revealing the secrets of another person, such as a patient, their relatives, or friends, even after the professional relationship has ended, or the person is deceased.

Privacy Law and Constitutional Rights

Constitution

The right to honor, personal and family privacy, and image.

General Health Law

The confidentiality of all information related to health.

Basic Law Regulating Patient Autonomy

Right to privacy: Everyone has the right to respect the confidential health data. No one can access information without proper authorization.

Information Requirements and Patient Care

Verbal care incorporates the risks and consequences of each intervention. Information must be truthful, understandable, and suitable... Continue reading "Patient Confidentiality and Healthcare Data: Legal Framework" »

Labor Code Fundamentals

1. Definition of Employment Relationship

The employment relationship between employers and workers is governed by this Code and its complementary laws. (Art. 1)

2. Employer Definition

The natural or legal person who uses the intellectual or material services of one or more persons under a labor contract. (Art. 3)

3. Worker Definition

Any natural person performing personal services — intellectual or material — under dependence or subordination, and under a contract. (Art. 3)

Labor Contract Essentials

4. Labor Contract Overview

(Art. 7, 8, 9, 10)

4.1. Types of Labor Contracts

• Individual: Between an employer and an employee.
• Collective: Between employers and one or more worker organizations or associations.

4.2. Key Elements of

Liability of Public Officials

1. Prerequisites for the Position

A preventive control mechanism for rotating administration officials and judges was the selection of who should administer justice.

These people were chosen from the noble and rich, with experience in times of war and conquest, of good character, raised in the Calmecac, prudent and wise, and also the servants at the palace.

A good senator is a righteous judge who hears both sides, weighs the cause of each, gives to each what belongs, and does justice always right. They are not swayed by people and do justice without passion. Thus, we can see that codes of ethics were very real.

2. Remuneration

The king remunerated judges with certain amounts of cash and food, and the right to certain... Continue reading "Accountability of Public Officials in Ancient Mexico" »

Understanding Regulations

A regulation is an ordered set of rules or precepts concerning a particular matter. It is characterized by its non-exhaustive compliance, meaning it provides a framework rather than an exhaustive list of actions.

Regulation as an Administrative Act

In legal literature, there is discussion on whether a regulation is an administrative act in the strict sense. Some argue it denotes statutory authority to exercise a legislative power, rather than a purely administrative activity, and can even be considered an act of government. However, the formalities and procedures for promulgating a regulation are often the same as those required for issuing a decision or decree with special effects. Under Chilean law, regulations are... Continue reading "Administrative Acts & Regulations: Core Legal Concepts" »

The Legal Process: Understanding Claims and Their Elements

The legal process is initiated by a claim or declaration of will from the plaintiff or prosecutor, filed in court against the defendant or accused. In civil proceedings, it seeks the recognition of an existing right or legal position, or the conviction of the debtor to fulfill a specific obligation. In criminal trials, it aims for the sentencing of the defendant to a particular penalty.

Key Elements of a Legal Claim

Subjective Elements: Legitimacy

This refers to the legal relationship that must exist between the plaintiff and the defendant. The burden of proof for establishing both active (plaintiff's) and passive (defendant's) legitimacy rests exclusively with the plaintiff.

Objective Elements:

Business Formation: Key Administrative Procedures

1. Economic Tax on Activities (ALIAE)

   The ALIAE (Economic Tax on Activities) is a tax levied on local businesses and professionals engaged in specific activities. Only companies with a legal form that is a social factor and an annual turnover exceeding €1,000,000 are subject to this tax.

2. Declaration of Commencement of Activity and Tax Options

   This document provides essential information regarding the characteristics of the business activity, its location, and the chosen tax regime. This declaration must be submitted by the employer or professional to the government treasury before the start of any activity.

3. Prior Declaration Before Starting Activity

   A general declaration may be required prior to the

Key Definitions in Democracy

• Democracy: A political system where state power originates from the people, who often wield that power through their representatives. The word democracy comes from the Greek Demokratia, meaning "people power".
• Sovereignty: The highest political power of the state, to which all other powers are subordinated.
• Government: The leading agency of political power in democracies. According to the division of powers, it assumes executive power.
• People's Will: The collective political will of citizens expressed together.

Majority Rule in Democracy

Democracy involves the political power of the people, expressing their collective will through voting. The options chosen by the majority in these votes must, in principle, be accepted... Continue reading "Core Concepts and Rules of Democratic Systems" »