Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

Article 72: Third Degree Treatment

Paragraph 5 Requirements

The classification or progression to the third degree of treatment requires, in addition to the requirements prescribed by the Penal Code, that the offender has paid the liability arising from the crime. This considers the offender's observed behavior in order to return the abducted, repair material and moral damage, and compensate for personal and financial losses of the victim.

It also evaluates the offender's real, present, and future capacity to meet the appropriate liability, the safeguards that will ensure future satisfaction, the estimated enrichment obtained by the offender from the commission of the crime, and, where appropriate, damage or interference caused to public services,... Continue reading "Penal Code Article 72: Third Degree Treatment" »

Classes of Obligations Based on Subject

Sometimes, there is a plurality of subjects in an obligation. The bonds may be single-person or multi-member. Typically, they are single-minded. Within multi-person obligations, we distinguish between conjunctive and disjunctive. Conjunctive obligations are further divided into joint and several obligations.

The Obligation Dilemma

Establishing a supposed alternative by some individuals, Article 1137 states that obligations will only be considered several where it is established by the parties or stipulated legally. So, we understand that solidarity with obligations only exists when the parties have agreed to it or when it is legally mandated.

Several Obligations

A several obligation is a situation in which... Continue reading "Understanding Joint and Several Obligations: Legal Framework" »

Witnesses and Witness Statements

Witness statements are crucial in criminal investigations and trials. They serve as essential evidence, especially when a defendant's confession is inadmissible. A witness provides an oral declaration of knowledge about relevant facts. While common, witness evidence has relative reliability, and conclusions may be questioned.

Witness Role and Obligations

A witness is a third party summoned by the court to provide a statement about past events relevant to the criminal process. The witness's role is acquired through a subpoena, following legal formalities. Witnesses are unaware of the rights heard in the process and cannot be the accused parties.

Witness Duties and Exemptions

Witnesses have a duty to appear and testify... Continue reading "Witness Testimony in Criminal Proceedings: Reliability & Procedures" »

The Unborn Person

Although Venezuelan law welcomes the theory of vitality, it also considers the person to be born (nasciturus, literally: "to be born"), both when conceived (conceptus) and when yet to be conceived (concepturus, literally: "that is to be conceived").

Status of the Conceived Under Venezuelan Civil Law

In Venezuelan law, "The fetus is deemed to be born when it comes to its benefit, and to be reputed as a person, provided that it is born alive" (Civil Code, art. 17). In this regard:

1. A) "Fetus," within the meaning of the Civil Code, must be understood as any conceived human being, not yet born, regardless of the time elapsed since conception. Thus, the term "fetus" should not be understood in the medical sense, where the unborn child

Constitutional Rights: Classification and Protection

Classification Guarantees for Rights

The constituent power, when establishing the catalog of rights and freedoms, also establishes a classification based on their guarantees. In other words, the constitutionally established levels of protection for them. Clearly, some rights are more important than others, and it seems logical that they are subject to greater protection.

Rights with Strengthened Safeguards

These are rights to which the constitution intended to provide a kind of special armor. They usually coincide with those that common sense finds most important: the rights of personality and civil rights in general, with some exceptions. For example, the right to marriage or property are not... Continue reading "Understanding Constitutional Rights: Classification and Protection" »

Domicile is the legal seat of a person, emerging as a key concept in civil law. It allows for locating the subject, ensuring stability and security in legal relations. Without it, legal relations would be highly unstable and unsafe.

The domicile also helps locate the subject and may have relevance for other aspects, such as determining the territorial jurisdiction of a court or tribunal. Professor Albaladejo stresses that, despite its importance, domicile does not create any legal relationship between the person and the dwelling place, nor does it imply any civil status for the resident.

The primary role of domicile is to constitute the juridical seat of the subject, making it the place to exercise their rights and meet their obligations.

Types

Securities Market Act and the National Securities Market

The Securities Market Law regulates primary and secondary markets of securities. It lays down the principles of its organization and operation, the rules governing the activities of those involved in them, and the monitoring regime.

The issuance of securities should be reported to the National Commission for Securities Market, which is the body designated by the Securities Market Law for that matter.

The National Securities Market

The LMV requires the existence of a public law entity with legal personality and capacity to exercise the functions assigned to it by law and the Ministry of Finance in monitoring and inspection of the securities markets and a few people involved in them.

The CNMV... Continue reading "Securities Market Act: Regulation and Investment" »

Item 1: Employment Relationship

Conditions of Employment:

• Personal: Work carried out by the individual.
• Volunteer: Work done voluntarily.
• Employed: Work done under the employer's direction.
• Employment: Workers get paid for their work.
• Dependent: Subject to the employer's rules and obligations.

Failure to meet one of these conditions means it is not an employment relationship.

Relationships Not Considered Employment:

• Public officials (working for the state or autonomous region).
• Mandatory personal benefits.
• Work done out of friendship (helping a neighbor with a move).
• Family work (working with your father without receiving remuneration).
• Self-employment.
• Commercial agents.

Special Industrial Relations:

• Household services, athletes, entertainers, individuals

The European Commission

• Headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.
• Main executive body of the EU, responsible for implementing decisions of the Parliament and the Council.
• Has representation in each of the 27 member states.
• A new Commission is appointed every 5 years, proposed by member state governments.
• Defends the general interests of the Union.

Main Features

• Proposes the elaboration of legislative texts.
• Runs and enforces EU law.
• Represents the EU in international organizations.

The Council of the EU

• Headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.
• Integrates a government representative from each member country.
• Chaired every 2.5 years by the president of a member country's government.
• Presents to member state governments.

Main Functions

• Decides with the Parliament on the adoption

Contractual Consent

• Consent: Consistency or agreement between declarations of intentions of the parties listed in the contract. At least two statements are required:

Essential Elements of Consent

• Statement of intent to offer: A person proposes an undertaking or a contract to another.
• Statement of willingness to accept: A reply to the statement of intent, accepting the contract offer.

Contractual knowledge must be produced regarding the object and the cause of the obligation.

Fundamental Principles

• Freedom of Content: Parties can set the terms they want, provided it is not against the law, morality, or public order. (Article 1255 of the Civil Code: The contracting parties may establish the covenants, terms, and conditions as they see fit, provided