Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

Modernization process in Iran began in 19th century by Iranian officials like Abbas Mirza Ghaem Magham and Amir Kabir in order to change the traditional structure of government and replace it with a new and modern one. After the establishment of Pahlavi dynasty, the process of modernization continued by Reza Shah and Mohammad Reza Shah. After the victory of Islamic revolution of 1979 modernization didn’t stop and continued until now. Some argue that  “Becoming modern meant destroying religious tradition” in the context of Reza shahs power. This is argued based on the multiple norms set in place which undermined islamic traditions, such as the when shah made the religious court subservient to civil courts thereby secularizing justice... Continue reading "Law 19983 on" »

Michael Doherty, in his work on judicial discretion, highlights three key frameworks for evaluating the admissibility of evidence: reliability, bad faith, and the protective principle. These frameworks provide a lens through which courts can assess the legality and fairness of police conduct in obtaining evidence.

Reliability Principle

The reliability principle centers on the methods used by law enforcement to obtain evidence. Doherty argues that if the method employed could potentially compromise the reliability of the evidence, then that evidence should be excluded. This principle aligns with the views of Ormerod & Birch, who suggest that courts are more inclined to exclude evidence when its reliability is called into question.

A prime example... Continue reading "Judicial Discretion in Evidence Admissibility: A Critical Analysis of Reliability, Bad Faith, and the Protective Principle" »

Legal Terminology and Concepts

Jurisdiction

1. D. Jurisdiction. 2. The ability of... A. In rem jurisdiction. 3. D. Plea. 4. D. Voir dire. 5. A. Preponderance. 6. B. Full Faith & credit clause 7. B. Morals. 8. C. mini trial 9. C.the court does not have jurisdiction because Dwayne did not travel to Ohio 10. D. invalid as being overly burdensome on the industry. 11. A. valid because ochonada had a history of saying similar phrases 12. D. none of the choices 13. A. Rendered invalid under the supremacy clause 14. A an unconstitutional restriction of speech 15. Tony... C. In rem jurisdiction 16. B. Rules 17. A. unilateral contract 18. C. rejected the offer and made a counteroffer 19. A. They have a binding contract for $100,000 20. B. enforceable... Continue reading "Legal Terminology and Concepts for Jurisdiction and Contracts" »

League of Nations: Failure & Legacy

The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I, aiming to prevent future global conflicts. Similar in ambition to the later United Nations, it ultimately failed to prevent World War II due to its decentralized structure, the neutral stance of many members, and a general reluctance among nations to engage in another war. While its direct impact was limited, it represents an important historical precedent for international cooperation.

International Criminal Court: Role & History

The International Criminal Court (ICC) handles international threats and disputes, serving as a crucial deterrent for international crimes. Historically, many international crimes went unpunished,... Continue reading "International Law & Global Governance: Core Concepts" »

OSHA

Government Agency for Workplace Safety

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) is a government agency that sets and enforces worker safety standards. They conduct periodic inspections, act on reported safety violations, and may impose fines on employers for major violations.

Workers' Compensation (WC)

Insurance for Workplace Injuries and Illnesses

Workers' compensation (WC) is insurance provided by employers to protect employees who suffer work-related injuries or illnesses. Coverage varies by state but generally includes:

• Medical expenses from work-related injuries
• A percentage of lost wages
• Death benefits for survivors
• Lump-sum or long-term benefits for life-changing accidents

Death Benefit

A death benefit is compensation paid to the... Continue reading "Workers' Compensation, Unemployment Insurance, and Life Insurance: A Comprehensive Guide" »

China's Contradictory Stance on Human Rights

The current situation in China is well-known for its challenging legal position, which significantly affects its citizens and their human rights. While considered an advanced country in technology and environmental development, its society is unexpectedly bound by old and retrograde legislation.

A 2019 Human Rights World Report demonstrated China's issues with its political operations concerning human rights violations.

Key Human Rights Violations

Freedom of Expression and Censorship

One of the most fundamental human rights is the freedom of expression. In China, journalists, activists, lawyers, and academics have been persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of speech. This harassment is directed... Continue reading "China's Human Rights Crisis: Censorship & Unfair Trials" »

Agenda Setting

Media coverage not only directs what we think but also shapes how we think. This influence provides media with a powerful tool to influence government and the way people view it. The idea that what the public thinks about is set by the media. The agenda setting theory was first introduced by Dr. Maxwell McCombs and Dr. Donald Shaw in 1972. This theory states that the news plays an integral part in the shaping of political realities. The amount of time spent on an issue and the information relayed in a news story, along with the story's position, determines how much a reader learns and the amount of importance placed on the issue. McCombs and Shaw's agenda setting theory states that when the media reflect on the views of a candidate... Continue reading "Agenda Setting Theory and Classical Conservatism" »

Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan (IPO-Pakistan)

Historical Background

IPO-Pakistan was established as an autonomous body on April 8, 2005, under the administrative control of the Cabinet Division for integrated and efficient intellectual property management in the country. On July 25, 2016, the administrative control of IPO-Pakistan was transferred from the Cabinet Division to the Commerce Division.

The Trade Marks Registry, Copyright Office, and the Patent & Design Office became part of the new Organization under a unified and integrated management system.

Major Functions

1. Administer and coordinate all Government systems for protection and strengthening of Intellectual Property (IP)
2. Manage all IP offices in the country
3. Create awareness

Are Love-Locks on Bridges Romantic or a Menace?

- because it was a romantic thing to do.

- follows an Italian tradition.

- padlocks are attached mainly on historic bridges.

- when part of a historic bridge fell because of the weight of the locks.

- to prevent the damage that the locks cause.

- are making profits from this epidemic.

- can now be found in a variety of places.

- to assign a place for people to attach their locks.

Esperanto and Universal Communication

- The inventor of an artificial, neutral language.

- an idealist in favour of international understanding.

- creates barriers to common humanity.

- not enthusiastic about a new international language.

- it had been created by a Jewish person.

- it is not the language of any particular community.... Continue reading "A Collection of Thought-Provoking Articles" »

Copyright: Definition and Purpose

Copyright means a single specimen of a particular book, record, or other publication or issue. Right means a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something.

Definition

According to Eric Miller, copyright refers to the laws that regulate the use of the work of a creator, such as an artist or author. This includes copying, distributing, altering, and displaying creative, literary, and other types of work. Unless otherwise stated in a contract, the author or creator of a work retains the copyright.

Purpose of Copyright

• Protect the creator of a work.
• Promote the progress of useful arts and science.
• Maintain law and order in society.
• Protect individual's rights.

Background of Copyright Law

Copyright was recognized only... Continue reading "Copyright Law in Pakistan: Understanding Your Rights" »