Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

TEXT TYPOLOGY

What is a text? A language unit, spoken or written, with different sizes, communicative functions, social purposes, types, genres, and linguistic features.

Narrative Texts

To tell a story.

• Sequences of events and time
• Fictional or nonfictional
• Narrator: first person (protagonist or witness) or third person (omniscient)

Examples: Myths, fairy tales, stories, science fiction, historical fiction, novels, newspaper reports.

Grammatical features: Dynamic verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, adverbials, and adverb clauses.

Scaffold: 1. Orientation: who, when, where is happening. 2. Complication: Triggers a series of events. 3. Sequence of events: characters react to the complication. 4. Resolution: Problem is solved. 5. Coda: Moral to the story.... Continue reading "Understanding Different Types of Texts: Narrative, Descriptive, Instructive, Argumentative, and Expository" »

1. Introduction

2. Relevant Provisions

3. Meaning of Hurt

4. Definition of Hurt u/ Sec 322(1)

5. Kinds of Hurt

I. Itlaf-udw

i.

Abetment of a thing

(ii)Engages with one or more other person or persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing, if an act or illicit oversight happens in pursuance of that conspiracy and in order to the doing of that thing; or

Abetment

Abetment can be committed only when there is positive evidence of either instigation or conspiracy or intentional aid. If none of these three elements stated above is available then abetment does not stand proved. Therefore, mere presence at the scene of the offence would not be sufficient to make out a case of abetment. NLR

17th Century: Time Drafts and Promissory Notes

C. Instruments were developed

• The Time Draft

  The time draft was the first development. This type allowed a stated period of time before payment was due. A seller of goods could draw such a draft on the buyer, who would then sign it. By signing the draft, the buyer engaged to pay it when it became due. If the seller did not want to finance the sale by holding the draft until the due date, the seller could transfer it to a lender for less than its face value. The lender could then be paid the face amount of the draft by presenting it to the buyer for payment on the maturity date. The time draft served both as a credit instrument and to transmit funds.

• The Promissory Note

  The promissory note appeared secondly

The Officer of Watch and Ship Safety

The officer of watch is the Master's representative and his primary responsibility is, at all times, the safety of the ship. He is responsible for ensuring that the planned passage is properly carried out during his watch. He must at all times comply with the International Regulation for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, Master's standing orders, and Master's bridge order book.

Maintenance of Watch and Look-out

The officer of watch is responsible for the maintenance of a continuous and alert watch and look-out. Under no circumstances should he leave the bridge until being properly relieved.

Responsibilities of the Master

The Master is responsible for the safe navigation of the ship and ensuring that all watch-... Continue reading "Responsibilities of the Officer of Watch and Master in Ship Navigation" »

Employee vs. Self-Employment: A Deep Dive into EU Labor Law

In the 19th century, the FCC recognized two types of renting agreements: one for things and one for works. Contracts for renting work (louage) assumed that workers trade the abstract and commodified aspects of their working activity. Workers, considered free and equal to their counterparts, could consent to unilateral control over their labor. This led to the development of labor protection to react to the harsh consequences of labor, questioning the idea of labor as a commodity separate from humans and recognizing the personal involvement of workers in the performance of the contract.

Personal Value: Fundamental rights (freedom of association and collective bargaining, no discrimination,... Continue reading "Employee vs. Self-Employment: EU Labor Law" »

Types of Federalism

Centralized Federalism

The national government takes primary responsibility for determining national goals in all major policy areas and directs state and local government activity through conditions attached to money grants.

New Federalism

Refers to efforts, first in the Nixon administration, to return some federal tax funds to the states (general revenue sharing) and later efforts in the Reagan administration to consolidate federal grant-in-aid programs into block grants.

Representational Federalism

The idea that federalism is defined by the role of the states in electing members of Congress and the president rather than any constitutional division of powers.

Coercive Federalism

The federal government's assumption of powers traditionally... Continue reading "Understanding Federalism: Key Concepts and Terms" »

Public Opinion and Policy

Public Opinion: The collection of views shared by a segment of society on an issue of interest.

Public Policy: The choices the government makes and the actions it takes in response to a particular issue or problem.

Political Socialization and the Media

Political Socialization: The process by which people develop political beliefs.

Mass Media: Means of communication that provide information to a large audience.

Polling and Bias

Sampling Error: The margin of error that indicates a poll's accuracy, given as a percentage above and below the poll's results.

Bias: Refers to errors introduced by polling methods that lead to one outcome over others.

Objectivity: Freedom from bias and outside factors, such as timing, that may influence... Continue reading "A Glossary of Political Terms for Engaged Citizens" »

Business Structures: A Comprehensive Guide

Sole Trader

Advantages:

• Full control over profits
• Fast decision-making
• Simple setup process
• Easy bookkeeping

Disadvantages:

• Unlimited personal liability
• Limited access to credit
• Reliance on personal funds

General Partnership

Advantages:

• Shared profits and responsibilities
• Collaborative decision-making
• Increased access to capital and credit

Disadvantages:

• Unlimited personal liability for all partners
• Potential for disagreements and conflicts

Limited Partnership

Comprises General Partners and Limited Partners.

General Partner:

• Shares profits and makes decisions
• Has unlimited liability

Limited Partner:

• Shares profits but has limited decision-making power
• Liability limited to capital contribution

Private Limited Company

Advantages:

International Trade Glossary

Shipping and Logistics

Cargo

Port of Discharge

Port of Origin

Compete

Consignee

Quote

Contact

Rates

Container Terminal

Reliable

Free of Charge

Shipper

Free of Damage

Unload

Freight Container

Vessel

Guarantee

Volume

Load

Worldwide

Loss

Advantage

Profit

Buyer

Requirements

Ensure

Resale

Export

Risk

Follow-up

Run a Business

Foreign

Secure Transactions

Import

Shipping Arrangements

Investment

Sourcing

Manage Risk

Start a Business

Manufacturer

Supplier

Minimize Costs

Trade

Negotiations

Trust

Delay

Less than Container Load (LCL)

Disadvantage

Middleman

Distrust

On Board

Exclusive Basis

Profit Margin

Foot

Risky

Full Container Load (FCL)

Unreliable

Insecure

Wholesale

Business Telephone Etiquette

Announce

Out of the Office

Ask for Permission

Pleasant

Avoid

Professionally

Call Someone Back

Put