Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Law & Jurisprudence

Crime Data and Statistics

The majority of crime data exists in the form of statistics. While many people take statistics to be "objective", no data speak for themselves. All data, statistical or otherwise, have limitations and can be interpreted in a number of different ways. A solid understanding of crime requires a critical understanding of crime data (e.g., we should always ask: where does the data come from? Who collected the data? What are its limitations?).

Types of Crime Data

Official crime data = data collected by government agencies (e.g., FBI and the Justice Department).

• Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
• National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Unofficial crime data = nongovernmental data usually collected by private agencies and researchers,... Continue reading "Understanding Crime Data and Statistics" »

VANS GEND & LOOS

THE COURT

IN ANSWER TO THE QUESTIONS REFERRED TO IT FOR A PRELIMINARY RULING BY THE TARIEFCOMMISSIE BY DECISION OF 16 AUGUST 1962, HEREBY RULES :

1 . ARTICLE 12 OF THE TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY PRODUCES DIRECT EFFECTS AND CREATES INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS WHICH NATIONAL COURTS MUST PROTECT .

2 . IN ORDER TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER CUSTOMS DUTIES OR CHARGES HAVING EQUIVALENT EFFECT HAVE BEEN INCREASED CONTRARY TO THE PROHIBITION CONTAINED IN ARTICLE 12 OF THE TREATY, REGARD MUST BE HAD TO THE DUTIES AND CHARGES ACTUALLY APPLIED BY THE MEMBER STATE IN QUESTION AT THE DATE OF THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE TREATY .

SUCH AN INCREASE CAN ARISE BOTH FROM A RE-ARRANGEMENT OF THE TARIFF RESULTING IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE... Continue reading "pue" »

Victims of a Crime Should Have a Say in the Criminal's Punishment

I think the victims of a crime should be involved in deciding the criminal's punishment but within the framework of existing laws. Sometimes laws are not as tough as they should be, and considering the victim's opinion could lead to a reevaluation of these laws based on the real trauma that victims have endured.

However, caution should be exercised with the victim's input, as they may seek their own form of justice, which goes against the purpose of established laws. For example, in cases of sexual assault, judges should consider the victim's experience and impose a sentence that includes rehabilitation in addition to jail time, as the perpetrators may have underlying psychological... Continue reading "Involvement of Crime Victims in Criminal Punishment Decisions" »

Affordable Care Act:

1. Insurers cannot reject a person with a pre-existing condition as of 2014.

2. Adult children can stay on their parent's plan until the age of 26.

3. Insurers cannot rescind benefits due to an insured individual's honest mistake on the insurance application.

4. No lifetime limits on coverage.

5. Insurers must cover certain preventative services without applying co-payments, coinsurance, or deductibles.

6. Individuals can choose primary care physicians from within a plan's provider network and can obtain services from an OB-GYN without a referral from a physician.

7. Insurers must provide rebates to participants if certain percentages are not met.

Health Insurance Plans:

1. Traditional health insurance plans

2. Managed-care plans:

Case Holdings

Partition of Land
Any joint owner of land or joint owner of tenancy can make application for partition of holding. The application for the partition of land is filed before the land revenue officer. A person who has no share in land cannot file suit of partition of the land.
2. Relevant Provision:
Sec. 135 to 150 Land Revenue Act 1967.
3. Application for Partition of Land:
According to Sec. 135 any joint owner of land may apply to a revenue officer for partition of his share in the land.
(i) Conditions for Filing Application:
(a) At the date of application the share is recorded under Chapter VI as belonging to him or.
(b) His right to the share has been established by a decree which is still subsisting as that date or.
(c) A written acknowledgement... Continue reading "Land Revenue Act: Partition, Record of Rights, and Recovery of Arrears" »

muckraker: Muckrakers were investigative reporters and writers during the Progressive Era(1890–1920) who wrote about corruption and injustices in order to make changes in society. 

recall: can remove an elected representative from office.

initiative:voters can propose and vote for new laws.

referendum:legislator propose a law, voters vote on it.

the jungle:Book on the meat packing industry

bully pulpit:the ability to use the office of the presidency to promote a particular program and/or to influence Congress to accept legislative proposals.

food and drug act:Passed in 1906, the first law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines; prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling.

meat inspection act: Passed in 1906 largely in reaction... Continue reading "Income from the forest" »