US v Haggar: Duty Exemption Dispute
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Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence
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Environment Protection Act 1986: Key Provisions & Aims
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Environment Protection Act (EPA) of 1986
India's original Constitution did not contain any provision for the protection of the natural environment. However, the Fundamental Duties, which were added by the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution, prescribed the protection of the environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, as a duty of the citizens of the country.
This amendment also added new Directive Principles of State Policy, one of which was Article 48A, which directed the State to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife.
These developments were a result of the United Nations Conference on Human Environment, held in Stockholm in 1972. First, the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 was enacted. Then, the... Continue reading "Environment Protection Act 1986: Key Provisions & Aims" »
fsafsa
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UNIT 8
no limit
full refund
great deal
small discount
high cost
large number
uproot = touprootapeople
uphold = tosupportordefend
overthrow = toputanendtobyforce
overhear = Iaccidentallyoverheard
whattheyweresaying.
downplay = toreduceemphasison
its importance
downsize = toreduceinnumber
undergo = toendure;sustain
undertake = topromise,agree
UNIT 9
setting out
ran into
kicks in
set off
rang out
turned out
won through
arid desert-island-landscape
intrepid traveller-group-voyage
idyllic spot-conditions-setting
gruelling hike-climb-race
swirling mist-water-wind
exquisite waterfalls-flowers-views
blow his top
he flew into a rage
sudden outburst of temper
let off steam
throws a tantrum
inconsiderable sum
timeless classic
adopted country
appearances
... Continue reading "fsafsa" »Understanding the Spanish Legal System: Constitution & Laws
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The Spanish Constitution
The Spanish Constitution represents the highest law in Spain, situated at the top of the legal system pyramid. It comprises the rules governing the basic institutions of the country, the territorial division (Autonomous Communities, State, and Local entities), and the rights and liberties of the people.
To create a new law or approve international treaties, changes to the Constitution are necessary.
Hierarchy of Spanish Law
Constitution - International Treaties - Organic Acts - General Acts - Decrees issued by the Government.
The two main types of law are Organic Acts and General Acts.
The Three Branches of Power
There are three branches of power: Legislative, Judicial, and Executive.
Organic Law
Organic Laws relate to the development... Continue reading "Understanding the Spanish Legal System: Constitution & Laws" »
80 Essential Vocabulary Words and Definitions
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Enhance your vocabulary with these 80 essential words, complete with clear and concise definitions.
Heinous
Abominably wicked, truly evil.
Espouse
To adopt, to support.
Incendiary
Flammable, combustible.
Craven
Cowardly, timid.
Miasma
Stench, strong smell.
Extol
To praise.
Veneer
False front, pretension.
Penance
Penalty, punishment.
Referendum
Popular vote.
Falsetto
Squeal, squeak.
Tempestuous
Turbulent, stormy.
Clamor
To shout, to cry out loudly.
Linear
Straight, direct.
Innate
Inborn, natural.
Havoc
Devastation, destruction.
Restitution
Amends, atonement.
Amiable
Friendly, likeable.
Interment
Burial, entombment.
Figment
Invention, fabrication.
Veracity
Devotion to the truth, straightforwardness.
Extraneous
Irrelevant, unrelated.
Allege
To maintain, to declare.
Magnanimous
Merciful, forgiving.
Contracts, Societies, and Cybersecurity: A Comprehensive Guide
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Contracts
A contract is a legally binding promise (written or oral) by one party to fulfill an obligation to another party in return for consideration.
Elements of a Contract
- Offer and Acceptance
- Consideration
- Intention to be legally bound
- Legal capacity
- Formalities
Societies
Civil Society
- Contract between two or more persons
- Obligation to contribute money or goods
- Profits shared among members
- No minimum capital
- Losses and profits distributed
- Minimum of two partners
Anonymous Society
- Dedicated to the exploitation of an economic activity
- Capital divided into shares
- Minimum capital of 60k
- Own legal personality
- Losses in proportion to contribution
- Quarterly VAT
Limited Liability Company
- Capital divided into equal parts, not shares
- Minimum capital of 3.5k
- Partners exempt
Understanding Public and Private Law: Major Branches and Functions
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1. How would you characterize public and private law?
Public law deals with issues that affect the general public or state, society as a whole. Including Administrative law, Constitutional laws, Criminal laws, Municipal laws and International laws.
On the other hand, private law affects the rights and obligations of individuals, families, businesses and small groups and exists to assist citizens in disputes that involve private matters, which includes Contract law, Tort law - rights, obligations and remedies provided to someone who has been wronged by another individual, Property law, Succession law - governs the transfer of an estate between parties And Family law.
2. Which are the major branches of private law?
Private law deals with the mutual... Continue reading "Understanding Public and Private Law: Major Branches and Functions" »
The Bill of Rights: Protecting Freedoms and Limiting Government Power
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Bill of Rights
The Freedoms of Expression
The government can't punish you for speaking against the government, but the First Amendment doesn't protect you if you say something bad about your boss and he decides to fire you.
The Right to Bear Arms
We have the right to own weapons, but we have to follow rules regarding them.
Protection from Quartering of Soldiers
The government can't house soldiers in your house in war and peace by force.
4. Protection from Unreasonable and Unnecessary Searches
The police need a search warrant.5. Right to a Fair Trial
A criminal who has committed a capital crime has the right to not be taken to court unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury.6. Right to a Speedy Trial
The accused criminal has the right to aUnderstanding Joint and Several Obligations & Extinction
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Joint Obligations Explained
In the case of multiple debtors and one creditor, the creditor can only claim each debtor's proportional share of the debt. Conversely, with multiple creditors and one debtor, each creditor can only claim their proportional share of the credit from the debtor.
Joint and Several Obligations Defined
When there are multiple debtors and one creditor, the creditor can claim the entire credit from any single debtor. The debtor who pays the full amount is then entitled to seek compensation from the remaining debtors.
If there are multiple creditors and one debtor, each creditor can claim the entire credit from the debtor, who only has to pay once. The creditor who receives the full credit is then obligated to distribute the
Legal Rules of Valid Offers and Capacity to Contract
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Legal Rules as to Valid Offer
Essential Elements
- Communication: Offer must be communicated to the offeree.
- Certainty: The offer must be certain, definite, unambiguous, and not vague.
- Legal Relation: The offer must be capable of creating a legal relation.
- Expression: Offer may be express or implied.
- Completeness: Communication of the complete offer is necessary.
- Counter Offer: A counter-offer amounts to a rejection of the original offer.
- Cross Offer: Cross offers do not conclude a contract.
- Acceptance Burden: An offer must not thrust the burden of acceptance on the offeree.
- Invitation to Offer: Offer must be distinguished from an invitation to offer.
- Intention: The offeror should have the intention to obtain the consent of the offeree.
- Specificity: Offer