Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Law & Jurisprudence

Key Terms of the US Presidency and Executive Branch

1. Veto: The President rejects a bill.
2. Bureaucracy: Executive departments and agencies that enforce laws.
3. Executive Order: Presidential policy enacted without Congress.
4. Iron Triangle: Bureaucracy, Congress, and interest groups working together.
5. Policy Agenda: A set of issues the government is focused on.
6. Independent Regulatory Agency: Regulates specific economic sectors.
7. Independent Executive Agency: Like a cabinet, but with a narrower focus.
8. Line-item Veto: The President blocks specific provisions of a bill.
9. Executive Agreement: The President's agreement with another nation.
10. Executive Privilege: The President's right to withhold information.
11. Honeymoon Period: High presidential popularity immediately after

Exercise 1: Legal Terminology

1. Commits
2. To sue
3. Press
4. Offenses
5. Crimes
6. Felonies
7. Defendant
8. Imprisonment
9. Settlement
10. Ensure

Exercise 2: Legal Concepts

Land Law vs. Immigration Law

• Land Law: Regulates property ownership, use, and disputes over real estate or land. It deals with property and land use (derecho de propiedad).
• Immigration Law: Regulates the entry, stay, and removal of individuals in a country.

Barrister vs. Solicitor

• Barrister: A lawyer who specializes in court advocacy and litigation.
• Solicitor: Provides legal advice, prepares documents, and represents clients outside the courtroom.

Defendant vs. Prosecutor

• Defendant: The person accused of a crime in a court case.
• Prosecutor: A legal representative who brings charges against the defendant on behalf of the

PUB

("Proprioception"[Mesh] OR "Postural Balance"[Mesh] OR "Sensory Receptor Cells"[Mesh] OR ("proprioception"[Title/Abstract]) OR ("postural balance"[Title/Abstract]) OR ("sensory receptor cells"[Title/Abstract])) AND ("Rehabilitation"[Mesh] OR "Physical Therapy Modalities"[Mesh] OR "Exercise"[Mesh] OR ("rehabilitation"[Title/Abstract]) OR ("physical therapy modalities"[Title/Abstract]) OR ("exercise"[Title/Abstract])) AND ("Sports"[Mesh] OR "Soccer"[Mesh] OR "Tennis"[Mesh] OR ("sports"[Title/Abstract]) OR ("soccer"[Title/Abstract]) OR ("tennis"[Title/Abstract])) Filters: Clinical Trial, Meta-Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trial, from 2020 - 2024

EBS

(DE "PROPRIOCEPTORS" OR DE "PROPRIOCEPTION") OR (DE "MUSCULAR sense") OR AB (PROPRIOCEPTION... Continue reading "Proprioception and Rehabilitation in Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review" »

Key Mergers & Acquisitions

• Etihad Airways and Jet Airways
• Sun Pharma and Ranbaxy
• Wal-Mart and Flipkart

Section 26 (1) of the Competition Act

On receipt of a reference from the Central/State Government, statutory authority, or upon its knowledge/information (under section 19), if the Commission believes a prima facie case exists, it shall direct the Director General to investigate.

Relevant Cases

• CCI v. Steel Authority of India Ltd

Section 27(b): Penalties

The Commission may impose penalties, not exceeding 10% of the average turnover for the last three financial years, upon enterprises party to anti-competitive agreements or abuse of dominance.

Relevant Cases

• Excel Crop Care Ltd v. CCI

Section 3(3): Anti-Competitive Agreements

Agreements that cause or... Continue reading "Understanding Competition Law in India: Key Cases and Concepts" »

1 .- Concept D ° Subjective:

- Law in the objective sense is a set of legal rules governing the conduct of men

- Law in the subjective sense is contained in the substantive law (as when speaking of one or the other is because they look different aspects), is the faculty that has a subject to perform specific behavior, or refrain from it or require other The subject line of duty, serves to make, do and demand.

- These two concepts are related, since the definition of D ° objective is obtained for the individual right that could be formulated as follows: Power to act to satisfy their own interests guaranteed by law.

- There are some rights that are exercised without the consent, as the inherent rights (HR)

- We must make it clear that the... Continue reading "Subjective Rights" »

Uniform Civil Code in India

A common civil code, popularly known as the Uniform Civil Code (UCC), is a long-standing unresolved debate in independent India. This debate stems from Article 44 of the Indian Constitution, contained in Part 4 (Directive Principles of State Policy), which states the state shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India. Here, the term Uniform Civil Code (UCC) implies a set of common laws governing marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, and other such familial matters which would be applicable to all Indians, irrespective of their religion. Today, the members of each religious community follow their own respective sets of civil laws based on their religious history... Continue reading "Uniform Civil Code in India: History and the Shah Bano Case" »

Death Row Demographics and Trends

• Southern states account for 55% of death row inmates.
• Approximately 3,300 individuals are on death row.
• Over 100 death sentences are issued each year.
• More than 25 executions occur annually.
• Executions declined between 1935 and 1970.
• Inmate riots have remained stable over the past 30 years.
• About 56% of those executed are white, while 35% are Black.
• The percentage of Black Americans on death row is disproportionately high.
• The race of the victim is the largest factor in death penalty cases.
• 30 states have the death penalty.
• Electrocution is still used in Nebraska.
• Executing mentally ill individuals is considered cruel and unusual punishment under the 8th Amendment.
• As of 2020, only 9% of inmates have a college education.

Difference Between Preliminary and Provisional Measures

Preliminary Measures

Preliminary measures allow the future plaintiff to gather information needed to establish the facts of the case. The main requirement is demonstrating the necessity of specific information for the proceeding to establish the case in the complaint.

Two types of information-gathering measures exist:

• Testimony and Oral Testimony of a Person: To obtain knowledge held by someone.
• Submission of Documents: To access relevant documents.

To request such measures, one must demonstrate a just cause and relevance to the case.

Provisional Measures

Provisional measures, requested by a future plaintiff, aim to prevent risks of a future positive judgment not being enforced. The purpose is... Continue reading "Preliminary vs. Provisional Measures in Litigation" »

Inchoate Crimes: An Overview

Definition

Inchoate crimes, also known as incomplete crimes, are actions that are not crimes in themselves but occur in conjunction with other crimes. Examples include attempted murder and conspiracy to commit robbery.

Types of Inchoate Crimes

Conspiracy

Conspiracy is the oldest inchoate crime. It involves an agreement between two or more people to commit an unlawful act. The purpose of conspiracy laws is to prevent and punish criminal partnerships from attempting substantive offenses.

Elements of Conspiracy:

1. Agreement between two or more people
2. Intent to commit a crime
3. Overt act by any co-conspirator in furtherance of the conspiracy

The overt act need not be criminal but only needs to carry the project forward.

Conspiracy... Continue reading "Inchoate Crimes: Conspiracy, Attempt, Solicitation, and More" »

The Rule of Law in Democratic States

Diamond and Morlino highlight the rule of law as the cornerstone of any democratic state. A robust legal system prevents exploitation and protects citizens from government overreach. In states where the law is respected, citizens enjoy free and fair elections, participate in shaping laws and policies, and hold their government accountable. A law-abiding government, in turn, respects public opinion, protects equal rights for all, and remains answerable for any misconduct across its executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Conversely, without the rule of law, democratic institutions weaken, citizen participation diminishes, and corruption flourishes. Many developing nations struggle to establish a... Continue reading "Rule of Law and Sovereignty in Democratic States" »