Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

The Breakup of Yugoslavia: Causes and Conflicts

The late 1980s marked the beginning of a profound economic crisis which provided momentum for opening the external market. This period saw primary disagreements emerge:

• Between the richer republics (Croatia and Slovenia), where the restoration of capitalism was favored, and the most underdeveloped regions.
• Among the distinct ethnic and religious groups that made up the centralist country.
• Between the aspirations of Serbia and Montenegro and the rest of the territories, supporters of increasing their self-governance.

The Communist leaders embarked on a nationalist race headed by Milošević in Serbia and Tuđman in Croatia. In 1990, the first democratic elections were held.

The Yugoslav Wars

War in Slovenia

First Declension (Type: *terra, -ae*)

The first declension primarily includes feminine nouns. Here is the declension pattern:

• Singular:
  • Nominative: -a
  • Vocative: -a
  • Accusative: -am
  • Genitive: -ae
  • Dative: -ae
  • Ablative: -ā
• Plural:
  • Nominative: -ae
  • Vocative: -ae
  • Accusative: -as
  • Genitive: -arum
  • Dative: -is
  • Ablative: -is

Second Declension

Masculine (Type: *dominus, -i*)

Most second declension nouns ending in -us are masculine.

• Singular:
  • Nominative: -us
  • Vocative: -e
  • Accusative: -um
  • Genitive: -i
  • Dative: -o
  • Ablative: -o
• Plural:
  • Nominative: -i
  • Vocative: -i
  • Accusative: -os
  • Genitive: -orum
  • Dative: -is
  • Ablative: -is

Masculine (Type: *puer, pueri*)

Some second declension nouns ending in -er are also masculine. Note that the stem remains consistent (e.g., *puer*).

• Singular:
  • Nominative: puer
  • Vocative:

Miguel Delibes

Style: Simplicity and clarity of expression.

Themes: Rural environments and characters without resources. The elderly and children represent true wisdom, expressing opinions about the world's shortcomings.

Novel Stages:

• Social Realism: The Road
• Experimentalism: Five Hours with Mario
• Historical Novel: The Heretic
• Other titles: Rats, The Holy Innocents

Adaptations: Many works successfully adapted for film and theater, demonstrating thematic appeal.

Post-war Theater (1940s)

Two main trends:

• Ideological drama
• Comedy, originating from pre-war authors

Comedy Styles:

• High comedy: Restrained, elegant, featuring upper classes
• Farce: Spontaneous, reflecting customs of the masses

Key Author: Jacinto Benavente

Theater of the 1950s

Significant changes in both... Continue reading "Evolution of Spanish Theater: Post-war to Democracy" »

In 45 BC, returning to Italy, Octavian was declared Caesar's heir.

Return to Italy and Early Honors

Games were held in April in honor of Caesar. Caesar, dressed in ceremonial attire, was honored with symbols of victory: purple robes (recalling the old kings of Rome) and a laurel crown. He was awarded the title of Imperator by right. His ivory statue was featured in religious processions. In a temple of Quirinus, a statue of Caesar was placed with the inscription 'Invincible God'. Quirinus, or Romulus, was the first king and founder of the city. Thus, Caesar was not only linked to God but also to the kings. On the Capitoline Hill, statues of ancient figures, including Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (the king who was expelled)... Continue reading "Julius Caesar: Honors, Reforms, and Power" »

Joan Maragall (1860-1911) Modernism

Family of industrial textile workers.

• 1890 - Rehearsed and proclaimed his articles in the Diari de Barcelona.
• 1891 - Noble house with clear, vitalism (Nietzsche).

Bonaventura Carles Aribau (1789-1862) Renaissance

He lived for many years in Madrid.

• 1833 - Published Oda a la pàtria in the romantic magazine El Vapor.
• Transmitted in the poem his nostalgia towards his homeland.

Miquel Costa i Llobera (1854-1922) Modernism

Considered one of the main figures of the Majorcan School.

• 1906 - Gave a speech as president of the Jocs Florals of Barcelona.
• 1904 - President of the Jocs Florals in Majorca.

Joan Alcover (1854-1926) Modernism

Poet, essayist, and politician.

• 1909 - Proclaimed Master of the Gay Saber.
• 1951 - A volume of his

Spanish Poetry: From Surrealism to the 1970s

Gabriel Celaya

Gabriel Celaya's surrealist poetry led to existential, social, and avant-garde works. Key themes include:

• Insecurity of the individual seeking their place in the world.
• Existential poetry characterized by a simple and colloquial tone.
• Ethical commitment.
• Merging with the poetic 'we'.
• Literature as a fight for social solidarity.
• 1960s poetry that was avant-garde and moved away from sentimentality.
• The failure of Marxist humanism.

Blas de Otero

Blas de Otero's poetry aimed to shake consciences through existentialism and social commentary. He began with religious poetry (Angel Fieramente Humano), expressing anguish and death. His confrontation with God led to a search that ended in empty loneliness.... Continue reading "Spanish Poetry: From Surrealism to the 1970s" »

Latin Personal and Possessive Pronouns

First Person Pronouns (Ego, Nos)

Note: mēcum = with me; nōbīscum = with us.

Second Person Pronouns (Tu, Vos)

Constitución de 1876

El sistema de la Restauración se equipó con una nueva constitución que heredó un carácter moderado de la de 1845. Las Cortes Constituyentes, de mayoría canovista, se reunieron. En ellas se discutió y aprobó un proyecto redactado por Alonso Martínez, aunque su verdadera inspiración fue Cánovas del Castillo.

Principales Características de la Constitución

• Soberanía compartida entre las Cortes y el Rey. Esto significaba la negación de la idea de soberanía nacional.
• Cortes Bicamerales. El Senado, no el Congreso elegido, representaba a las clases poderosas del país. Se distinguían:
  • Senadores 'de derecho propio': Grandes jerarquías de España, eclesiásticas y militares.
  • Senadores 'vitalicios': Nombrados por el Rey.

Prominent Spanish Literary Figures of the 20th Century

This section highlights influential Spanish authors who shaped the literary landscape of the 20th century, including key members of the renowned Generation of '27.

Miguel de Unamuno

Miguel de Unamuno was a professor of Greek and rector of the University of Salamanca, where he lived until his death in 1936, except from 1924 to 1930, when he was exiled for his opposition to the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera.

Unamuno's Work and Philosophy

All of Unamuno's work was marked by several religious crises that made him lose faith. His body of work is primarily philosophical, deeply exploring the meaning of human life.

Antonio Machado

Born in Seville in 1875, Antonio Machado obtained a professorship of... Continue reading "Spanish Literary Masters: 20th Century Authors & The Generation of '27" »

Federico García Lorca: Life and Works

Federico García Lorca lived in Madrid since 1919 and died in 1936. He was one of the most interesting contemporary writers and playwrights in Spain. He is the only writer of the Generation of '27 who alternated between theater and poetry. The connection between his poetry and plays are evident in the subject matter, language, and use of symbols. Lorca was a man of the theater. In many of his works, he raises the theme of theater within a play, a great theatrical achievement, as seen in Blood Wedding and Yerma.

Classification of Lorca's Theater

a) Early Theater:

• His first play was The Butterfly's Evil Spell.
• He also began the series Puppets: Cachiporra, born from his love of puppet theater.
• Two popular tragic