Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Mozarabic Lyric

Mozarabic was the language of Christians living in Muslim-controlled territories. Preserved within this language are jarchas—brief compositions inserted at the end of poems known as moaxajas (Arabic or Hebrew). These poems focus on themes of love and are typically voiced by a woman lamenting the absence of her lover.

Galician-Portuguese Lyric

Emerging at the end of the twelfth century, this tradition primarily features profane content known as cantigas:

• Cantigas of love: Sung by a man, these develop the theme of courtly love.
• Cantigas de amigo: Voiced by a woman lamenting the absence of her beloved.
• Cantigas of derision: These ridicule specific defects, problems, or individuals.

Cantar del Mio Cid

Song of Exile

El Cid is banished by... Continue reading "Medieval Iberian Literature: Mozarabic and Epic Traditions" »

Lyrical Poetry

Anthem

A composition expressing heightened feelings.

Ode

Similar to a national anthem but more personal.

Song

A composition of an amorous, vibrant, enthusiastic, and optimistic nature.

Satire

Censorship of faults or defects in a humorous and short manner.

Elegy

Expresses the pain produced by a death or other misfortune.

Popular Lyrical Poetry

• Song
• Joy (about a saint or holy person)
• Christmas Carol (Villancico)
• Corrandes (songs that accompany work)

Narrative

In Verse

• Epic: Heroic protagonists of noble lineage, told by the people.
• Songs of Feat: Of medieval origin, featuring popular characters.
• Heroic Poems: Short poems written by an author about a hero.
• Religious Poems: Poems with moral, philosophical, and religious themes.

In Prose

• Novels: Classified

Modernismo y Vanguardias

Qué: conjunción (por dos proposiciones), interrogativos y exclamativos (qué, dónde, cuál), pronombre relativo (que, reemplazando a «el cual»), y pronombre ilativo (no funciona sintácticamente; valor enfático). Se: eufónico (sin función, cuando «le» o «les» se convierten en «se» delante de «lo», «la», «los», «las»), pronombre reflexivo (complemento directo o indirecto de tercera persona), pronombre recíproco (complemento directo o indirecto de tercera persona en plural), pasiva refleja (se + verbo transitivo en voz activa, con sujeto paciente), impersonal refleja (se + verbo intransitivo, sin sujeto explícito, p. ej., «se vive bien»), o impersonal con pronombre propio (suicidarse), dativo

Formal Description

Chronology: The original structure dates to 27 BC, with a major reconstruction occurring between 118–128 AD under the reign of Emperor Hadrian. Located in Rome, near the Campus Martius, it stands as a masterpiece of Roman Imperial architecture, utilizing both trabeated and vaulted construction systems.

The original temple differed significantly from the current structure; the entrance was positioned on the opposite side, and the cella was transversal. The current church features a facade oriented to the north. During the reconstruction, the temple was expanded, incorporating an existing square and adding an arcaded plaza before the main entrance.

The Pronaos (Portico)

The portico is octastyle and rectangular, utilizing a trabeated... Continue reading "Pantheon of Rome: Architecture, History and Construction" »

Subject, Complement, and Attributes

Subject: Ask who? the VBO

Complement Direct (CD): What? Replaced by "what" the "of" the

Complement Indirect (CI): Who? For whom? Replaced "him, they"

Attribute: VBOs copulative replaced only by "what"

Complement Agent: Only passive sentences, and forever preposition subject active.

Circumstantial Complements

• Weather: When?
• Place: Where?
• Manner: How?
• Company: With whom?
• Aim: For what?
• Denial: Is not it?
• Affirmation: OK?
• Quantity: How much?
• Object: With whom?

Complement Predicative of the Verb (PVO)

Question how? is replaced by the CPNC or CD.

Charge

Always Function Preposition (any preposition).

Complement Regime

Verbs that always require a preposition.

Coordinate Clauses

It's that part of prayer that is the same as another bone... Continue reading "Analyzing Spanish Grammar and 20th Century Literary Movements" »

Ausias Marc: Life and Legacy

Author's Biography

Born in Valencia (VLC), into an aristocratic family, Ausias Marc participated in naval campaigns under Alfonso the Magnanimous, who later made him his chief falconer.

He married Isabel Martorell (sister of Joanot Martorell), who died shortly after. He subsequently married Joana Escorna, who also died. He had no children from these marriages but recognized four illegitimate children in his testament.

Poetic Works

We preserve 128 poems written between 1425 and 1459, though some poems are of uncertain authorship. Among his work, the following are highlighted:

• Love Songs
• Spiritual Songs
• Songs of Death

The love songs are grouped into cycles, often using a senyal (signal) that conceals the name of the beloved.... Continue reading "Ausias Marc: The Catalan Poet of Love, Death, and Despair" »

¡Hola! ¿Qué tal? Espero que bien. Qué bueno tenerte por aquí. Te dejo todo mi cariño, ¡mi azúcar con lima! ¡Olé, olé y olé! ¡Te quiero!

Follas Novas (1880): Second Book of Poems

This subject forms several different procedures and meaningful perspectives. The work stands out for its meter, its themes, and its structure.

Metrical Innovation and Themes

• Meter: Free verse is very innovative, since the author experiments with new metric combinations that anticipate the renovation carried out by the modernists years later.
• Themes: It is very often about two major themes developed in free verse: Portuguese society and the existential "I" of the author. It is a combination of intimate and social poetry, but one could also speak of a small group

Literary Terms Defined

Poem

Poem: the textual unit.

Verse

Verse: the unit of measure, rhythm, and rhyme.

Measure

Measure: takes into account the number of syllables.

Rhyme

Rhyme: the final sound matching two or more verses from the last vowel.

Rhythm

Rhythm: the right combination of stressed and unstressed syllables within the verse, which imparts musicality.

Stanza

Stanza: the unit formed by the combination of verses with no predetermined measure and a particular rhyme. Often lyrical.

Eglogue

Eglogue: contains the expression of the feeling of love put into the mouth of shepherds in the middle of idealized nature.

Elegy

Elegy: expresses the pain of death.

Ode

Ode: expresses feelings like love or sadness in many different shades.

Satire

Satire: censorship or critique,... Continue reading "Literary Terms, Concepts, and Devices Explained" »

Post-Civil War Spain

Repression and Exile

The Spanish Civil War concluded with overcrowded prisons filled with Republican political prisoners. Many Republicans, committed to the Republic, fled Spain through the Pyrenees, with an estimated 400,000 seeking refuge in France. Their return was complicated by the difficult situation France faced during World War II. Spanish emigration to the Americas also became a notable episode of the war. Expeditions of emigrants, including prominent writers and intellectuals, journeyed to Mexico. France also became a haven for Spanish exiles, while in Mexico, Republican activity resumed, with Republican courts convened as late as 1945 by the Republican government-in-exile.

Franco's Repression

Franco's dictatorship... Continue reading "Spanish Post-Civil War: Repression, Emigration, and Economic Hardship" »

Romanization: Involves the incorporation of all these peoples into the Latino cultural world, which resulted in the disappearance of their languages, as Latin imposed itself just as in other areas of Romania.
Romance languages: Different languages in Europe formed as a result of the fragmentation of Latin throughout the Middle Ages.
The Castilian: Originated in the realm of the Kingdom of Castilla. This conquered Kingdom of León and Aragon and thus extended its tongue by the 16th century. Many factors influenced the evolution of Castilian, including the unification of America and colonization. The final stabilization occurred in the 18th century when the Royal Spanish Academy was founded.
Bilingualism: Involves the use of two languages.
Dialect: