Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

System of Government: Republic

The Roman Republic was based on the choice of citizens who elected magistrates responsible for the organization and functioning of the city. Citizens participated in elections through assemblies:

Assemblies and Elections

• Curiae: Granted imperium to senior magistrates and resolved private matters.
• Centuries: Chose the higher magistrates and intervened in matters of war and peace.
• Tribes: Chose lower magistrates and military tribunes. The Plebeian Assembly, formed by commoners, elected the tribunes of the people who defended them.

The Candidate

The term Candidate comes from the white toga (toga candida) worn by those presenting themselves for political office.

Characteristics of Magistrates

Roman magistrates typically served... Continue reading "Government and Society in the Roman Republic" »

Theater Until 1970

At the beginning of the twentieth century, a truly revolutionary theatrical movement emerged.

Realistic Theater

This was a commercial theater that catered to a taste for realism, looking for the natural. A key author in this movement was Konstantin Stanislavski.

Political Theater

This form broke with realistic and naturalistic theater, proposing to amend society.

• Erwin Piscator (1893-1966): A German director, Piscator took theater out of the conventional setting. One of his best-known works is *The Adventures of the Good Soldier Schwejk*.
• Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956): A German dramatist, Brecht's works had a moralizing purpose, requiring the viewer to work to understand the message. A notable example is *Mother Courage and Her Children*

The Generation of '27 Poets

The Generation of '27 is formed by a group of poets who published their first works between 1920 and 1930.

Defining Characteristics

• Came from bourgeois families with a liberal spirit.
• Shared a solid literary background.
• Sought a synthesis between tradition and the avant-garde.
• Addressed universal themes.
• Used established metrical schemes while influenced by Ultraism, Creationism, and Surrealism.

Early Poetic Styles

The poetry of the Generation of '27 initially developed along two fundamental lines:

Neopopularism

Incorporation of resources and metric forms of Spanish popular poetry.

Main works:

• Gypsy Ballads by Federico García Lorca. (Opposes freedom/nature with civilization/order).
• Sailor on Land by Rafael Alberti. (Contraposition

Cultured Poetry: Characteristics and Influence

Cultured Poetry acquired a courtly air. It has a double influence: from troubadour love poetry and from short, allegorical poetry. Italian Dante led to the development of long poems written on high and solemn subjects, often in minor couplets. This art has survived in various songbooks, such as theBaena Songbook, which contains some of these poems.

Santillana: A Noble Spirit of the 15th Century

Santillana wrote his verses in the 15th century. His work is suffused with the noble attitude of a refined, elegant, and aristocratic spirit. His poetry is classified into three categories:

• Provencal influence poetry
• Italian influence poetry
• Moral-didactic poetry

Juan de Mena: Philosophical Poetry and Fortune's

Lyrical Poetry: An In-Depth Look

Key Characteristics of Lyrical Poetry

Lyrical poetry is a genre characterized by its subjectivity. The poet offers us a part of their thoughts and their inner vision. The most important feature is that it is written in verse. The expression of the poet's emotion can be performed through other vehicles of expression, like other poetic forms. There is poetry that can be described as epic or not lyrical. In poetry, the author simply tells the story of certain characters, even though it is done in verse.

Defining Features

• The author conveys a particular mood.
• A poem recounts a particular emotion.
• Lyrical poetry requires an effort of interpretation from the reader.
• It usually has a great accumulation of images and elements

Tirant lo Blanc: A Deep Dive

Eisner: 15th century. Very academic. He is respected for his skill with weapons and his notions of military strategy. He moves deftly to the different courts of Europe (Portugal, Naples) and died in 1468. Reflected in his novel·la is his deepest desire. His biography is quite novelistic; his life went by as he pleaded for honor and possessions. In the end, he is left without possessions, and your sister married Ausiàs March. Tirant wrote at the end of his life, and the end of the pledge was to survive. Martí Joan de Galba published his work in 1490.

Tirant's Adventures

• Tirant in England (Representation of cavalry tournaments)
• Tirant in Sicily and Rhodes (A skillful admiral at sea)
• Tirant in the Greek Empire (Where

20th Century Spain: A Cultural Overview

The early 20th century in Spain was marked by technological advancements and the upheaval of World War I. The reign of Alfonso XIII saw the establishment of a military dictatorship in 1931, followed by the Second Republic. Socially, workers suffered during a period of crisis.

The Avant-Garde Movement

This era was characterized by a fascination with experimentation and a universal artistic vocation. Artists grouped themselves into aesthetic movements known as the avant-garde, or "isms." These groups were not homogenous and included:

• Surrealism: Aiming to transcend rationality through exploration of the unconscious mind.
• Dada: Embracing the absurd and championing art created by chance.
• Ultraism: Reacting against

Catalan Literature: From Romanticism to Realism

The Romantic Novel

Walter Scott proposed and explained the historical facts of the case, and later, the psychological and thematic aspects. The sentimental aspect is of interest.

Costumbrism

Testimonials described documents of traditions that were about to disappear. They wrote about customs, describing a moment in time.

The Realist Novel

Important writers include Balzac, Stendhal, and Flaubert. They were interested in current issues and the accurate description of the psychology of characters and environments.

The Emergence of the Modern Novel in Catalan

To create a modern Catalan narrative, it was necessary to overcome a series of problems:

• The lack of prestige of the language
• The anachronistic schemes

Modernism in the Early 20th Century

In the late 19th century, a renewed interest in early Romanticism's emphasis on originality and creative freedom emerged. This period, marked by a crisis in Western culture, led to a significant shift in artistic direction. The literary movement that defined this era is known as Modernism. Modernism drew inspiration from two 19th-century movements: Parnassianism and Symbolism. The core themes of Modernism include loneliness, escapism, cosmopolitanism, love, and eroticism.

Ruben Dario and Manuel Machado are the primary representatives of Parnassian Modernism. Dario, a Nicaraguan poet, transitioned from the aesthetic Parnassianism evident in Azul and Prosas Profanas to more profound and far-reaching themes in... Continue reading "Key Movements and Authors in Early 20th Century Spanish Literature" »