Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

1. The Literary Genres

Literary genres are the different possibilities for an author to present their work, reflecting the attitude they wish to communicate.

Types of Literary Genres

• Lyrical Genre
• Dramatic Genre
• Narrative Genre
• Didactic Genre (developed by some scholars)

The Lyrical Genre

Poets resort to the lyrical genre to express their subjectivity and feelings, introducing the reader to intimate personal experiences, usually from their own lives. It is typically written in verse.

The Dramatic Genre

In the dramatic genre, the author sets the scene for characters represented by actors, using dialogue to drive the action. Theatrical works can be written in both prose and verse.

The Narrative Genre

The narrative genre tells us, often with objectivity,... Continue reading "Main Types of Literature and Their Characteristics" »

Post-War Suppression and Exile

After the Spanish Civil War, the once-splendid Catalan cultural scene was reduced to nothing, with the Catalan language and its institutions abolished and prohibited. Writers committed to the Republic went into exile, including Carles Riba (who would return shortly after), Josep Carner, Joan Oliver, Pere Calders, Mercè Rodoreda, Francesc Trabal, Agustí Bartra, and Lluís Ferran de Pol. Others, like Josep Pla, J.V. Foix, and Salvador Espriu, were forced into silence or had to resort to clandestine editions of their work.

The Cultural Revival of the 1960s

The situation began to change somewhat in the early sixties. Although the country was still under Franco's regime and Catalan culture was far from official, small... Continue reading "Catalan Cultural Resistance and Revival Under Franco" »

Celestina: A 1499 Tragicomedy

Publication History

Celestina was published anonymously in 1499 as the Comedy of Calisto and Melibea, consisting of 16 acts. It was reissued a year later with a preliminary text revealing the author's name, Fernando de Rojas. Rojas claimed to have found Act 1 written by an unknown author and continued the work. In 1502, it was printed with new developments and titled Tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea. This is the definitive text, later renamed La Celestina.

Genre and Style

Celestina is a dialogue work of considerable length. Some consider it a play, while others believe it is a dialogue novel. Traits such as free treatment of space and time, dramatic scenes, and parallel character design suggest it is more of a novel... Continue reading "Celestina: A 1499 Tragicomedy by Fernando de Rojas" »

Stage 3 — Generation del 14

3ª etapa: The Generation del 14 was composed not only of writers but also of intellectuals. Questions were raised about the novel and its future. José Ortega y Gasset raised the question of the novel and from this emerged the concept of the intellectual novel. According to Ortega, renewal comes with the intellectual novel that allows readers to develop new inquietudes. The dehumanized novel is the one that deals with more intellectual problems.

Key authors and works

Concha Espina is the author of La esfinge maragata (a realistic novel of manners). A refreshing presence is Gabriel Miró, author of lyrical novels with heated prose. His poetics are not very systematic; he highlights description of landscape. Around... Continue reading "Spanish Novel Renewal: Generation del 14 and Generation of 27" »

Structuralism and Semiotics in Myth Analysis

Key Figures and Concepts

Claude Lévi-Strauss studied the internal structure of myth. He proposed that language consists of minimal units of significance (phonemes), and similarly, myths are composed of minimal units of significance, which he termed mythemes.

The Circles of Paris, including scholars like M. Detienne and J.P. Vernant, also contributed significantly to these fields.

Semiotic Analysis, notably by Roland Barthes, examines how myths often use a different language than usual, composed of these minimal units.

Origin of the Gods: Theogonies

The concept of theogony refers to the origin and genealogy of the gods. Hesiod's Theogony, dating from the 8th century BCE, is a foundational text for Greek... Continue reading "Mythological Origins: Gods, Humanity, and Structuralist Interpretations" »

Literary genres are different groups into which literary works can be classified.

Narrative Genres: Epic and Prose

Epic: Verse Works Recounting Heroic Deeds

Verse works that recount the heroic deeds of heroes.

• Epopée (Epic Poem): A long poem that recounts heroic feats (Azana), such as the Iliad or Odyssey.
• Epic Poem: Recounts heroic deeds crucial to a town or civilization, focusing on national heroes' exploits. IVA Luisi.
• Chanson de Geste: A medieval epic poem that extols a hero (e.g., Cantar de Mio Cid).
• Romance: Poems derived from popular epic traditions, covering various themes.

Narrative (Prose)

Prose works that tell stories or adventures that happen to some characters (pjs) at a specific time.

• Novel: Extensive prose narrative. Born in the West

Renaissance Spanish Literature

Didactic Prose

Works by authors like Hermanos Valdés explored educational themes common in Renaissance literature.

Miscellaneous

Varied subjects with didactic purposes are seen in works preceding the trial, including those by Juan Huerta de San Juan, Fray Antonio de Guevara, and Melchor de la Cruz.

Historiography

This involves the study of historical writings, their sources, and authors dealing with these matters. Mariana aimed to present...

Lazarillo de Tormes

This 1525 composition, with an unknown author, is an autobiographical novel in letter form. It features a foreword and seven treatises. The first three treatises, and the fourth, focus on Lázaro's personality and social climbing. By the seventh, he achieves... Continue reading "Renaissance Spanish Literature: An Overview" »

Joanot Martorell: Life, Legacy, and the Birth of a Masterpiece

The Author's Troubled Life

While the exact circumstances surrounding the completion of Tirant lo Blanc remain debated, it is believed that the manuscript, perhaps unfinished at the time of Joanot Martorell's death in 1468, passed into the hands of Martí Joan de Galba, who seemingly completed its revision. Martí Joan de Galba, a friend of Joanot Martorell, may have received the manuscript from the author, perhaps due to Martorell's severe financial difficulties.

Joanot Martorell was born in Gandia, the son of a noble family. Educated as a courtly knight, he read extensively while learning to fight, aspiring to be a perfect gentleman even as the era of chivalry had long entered a crisis.... Continue reading "Joanot Martorell's Life and the Masterpiece Tirant lo Blanc" »

Spanish Theater Before 1936

The theater movement before the Civil War was characterized by two main currents: commercialism and renewal.

Commercial Theater: Conventional Works

Commercial theater formally included more conventional works that responded to the public taste of the times. This current featured two main types of drama:

1. Bourgeois Atmosphere and Melodrama: Works that satirized or critiqued the bourgeois atmosphere, such as Jacinto Benavente's rural melodramas and plays like Rosas de otoño.
2. Comic Theater: Works by authors like Carlos Arniches (e.g., Los caciques) and the Quintero brothers, Serafín and Joaquín Álvarez Quintero (e.g., Los de Caín).

Two works stand out above all others in this category:

• Los intereses creados (The Vested

The Basques in Roman Times

In Roman times, the Basques were the inhabitants of the future Navarre, reaching as far as Oiasso (Irun). Beyond them were the Varduli, Caristii, and Autrigones, who would later form the 'Vasconized' Basque Provinces.

The Basques did not confront the Romans but were their allies and even became adherents of Pompey, who founded Pamplona (Pompaelo) in 75 BC on the Basque city of Iruña. The Romans granted them territories and cities along the Ebro that had previously been Celtiberian, such as Calahorra (Calagurris) and Alfaro (Gracchurris), and lands east of the Iberians beyond Jaca and Alagón.

Romanization in Hispania

Romanization is the process of integrating peoples, such as those in Hispania, into the civilization... Continue reading "The Basques and the Romanization of Ancient Hispania" »