Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Luis de Góngora

Góngora's work can be divided into traditional and Italianate minor poems, and major poems. He also wrote poems for other party elders.

Traditional Poems

• Romances: Dealing with diverse issues, these can be serious or farcical.
• Letrillas: These are compositions where the end of each verse is repeated as a refrain. The issues are often ludicrous, but religious themes are also present.

Italianate Poems

Sonnets

The theme of love, in line with Renaissance writers, appears in his sonnets. Later, sonnets with themes of disillusionment and poems of circumstance emerge.

Major Poems

• The Fable of Polyphemus and Galatea: A mythological subject told in octaves.
• Soledades (Solitudes): A long poem in four parts. It is written in silvas, and its theme

The Generation of '98

The Generation of '98 is the name traditionally given to a group of Spanish writers deeply affected by the political, social, and moral crisis in Spain following the military defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898. The loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines had a profound impact on the nation's psyche.

Key Authors

Authors who comprise this generation include:

• Miguel de Unamuno
• Pío Baroja
• Azorín
• Ramiro de Maeztu
• Antonio Machado
• Valle-Inclán

Cultural Context

The cultural scene in the early twentieth century was marked by a sense of hopelessness. Intellectuals of the late nineteenth century, led by Francisco Giner de los Ríos, founded the Institución Libre de Enseñanza (Free Institution of Education). This institution... Continue reading "The Generation of '98: A Literary Movement in Spain" »

Antonio Machado: Life, Work, and Influence

Born in Seville in 1875, Antonio Machado led a bohemian lifestyle in his youth. He traveled to Paris, where he met and married Leonor Izquierdo. Her early death left him in deep depression. Machado died in Collioure, France, in 1939. As he famously said, he was "a man (in the good sense of the word, good)."

Antonio Machado's Poetic Trajectory

His writing profoundly influenced subsequent Spanish lyric poetry. His work can be divided into three main stages:

• Intimate Modernism: His early compositions reflect a unique understanding of modernism, focusing on deep sentimental intimacy and romanticism.
• Concern for Castile and Spain: This stage is dominated by the Castilian landscape and a patriotic concern for

Latin American Political Shifts and Social Unrest

Initially, the narrative may not overtly focus on political aspects, but over time, the deep-seated discontent of workers with the Conservative Party becomes evident. People had endured enough of the injustices inflicted upon them. This widespread dissatisfaction led the working class to align with the Socialist Party. Eventually, the Socialist Party managed to gain power, achieving a significant victory. This allowed them to propose and enact just laws for everyone.

However, the Conservative Party vehemently disagreed with the left-wing government and orchestrated a coup d'état, led by Augusto Pinochet. This action received support from the United States, which was wary of Latin America becoming... Continue reading "Latin America: Political Turmoil and Magical Realism" »

Great Poets of the 15th Century

Marqués de Santillana

Marqués de Santillana was the most powerful feudal lord of his era. He embodied the values and virtues that represent the courtly cult, engaging in war activities and reading classics. Of great interest is his light poetry. He excelled in grace and musicality with a refined spirit of the Renaissance. His works place him among the best poets of the 15th century.

Juan de Mena

Juan de Mena is the most important writer of high art. He is the author of Labyrinth of Fortune or The Three Hundred, a work of Dantean allegorical inspiration written in dodecasyllables.

Jorge Manrique

Jorge Manrique conjugated weapons and letters in his life. He belonged to a noble family, and his life was known only for... Continue reading "15th Century Spanish Literature: Poets and Novels" »

The Modernist Novel and the Generation of '98

The renewal of modernist aesthetics extends to the novel. Its themes are consistent with those of poetry. The idealization and stylization of reality are the basis of the Sonatas by Valle-Inclán and Platero and I by Juan Ramón Jiménez.

The Generation of '98 reacts against the "vulgar" style of realism and takes, in some cases, the thematic and ideological legacy of naturalism (Baroja) and, in others, the intellectual and enormous burden of German existentialist thought (Unamuno).

Miguel de Unamuno

His novels are existential in nature, picking up on his philosophical worldview and the author's concerns: the conflict between creator and character in Mist, the feeling of frustrated maternity in Aunt

Duran and the year 1905

Duran produced an early olead volume Carequerecionaria Orri Rusi or Tode, motivated by the legal case of Imente. In the absence of lock or land, and discontent by front attention Jap. Losses worker’s the principals fabricas of the country and the camp and signed or life star or continue to mind.

Bloody Sunday and its Repercussions

E January 9, considered as Bloody Sunday, was organized as a pacifist manifestation of workers, campesines, and neither are mujyeas. Encabezada by Pope (sacerdote) Japon, se i o al directs Palacio de I INTER. Esta manifestation gave note to the cuestion author abality of Tsar in the prot or que set laba by my serila and the lack of liberties.

To guard the tsar, formed soldiers Cossacks against... Continue reading "Russia's Transformation: From Autocracy to Constitutional Monarchy (1905)" »

Spanish Romanticism Highlights

Key characteristics and figures of the Romantic movement in Spain:

• New Topics: Predominance of sentiment, presentation of extreme situations, and pessimism.
• New Forms: Innovations in prose and verse, including the mixture of genres (e.g., Espronceda's El estudiante de Salamanca).
• Theater: Plays aimed to break classical rules (e.g., Duque de Rivas).
• Prose: Development of historicist prose (Leyendas) and articles depicting customs (cuadros de costumbres, e.g., Larra).

Mariano José de Larra (Fígaro)

Influenced by the French historical novel and tragedy. Known as a journalist signing as Fígaro. Famous articles include "Vuelva usted mañana" and "En este país".

José de Espronceda

A poet from Extremadura, highly admired... Continue reading "Spanish Romanticism & Realism: Key Authors & Works" »

NL games floral were part of the cultural tradition of the former world. Medieval portions of RNAi and their relation to topics in literature are discussed, as well as the emergence of restaurants and games based on the C VOCA. The text also explores rare occurrences in their natural habitat, such as gold and roller, and their relation to the three mistakes. Additionally, it touches upon the influence of floral motifs in various contexts, including standard cultural practices and public access.

The text then delves into the structure of editorial content, referencing an annual directory and topics in culture. It concludes with a discussion of the arts during the Renaissance, with a focus on popular theater.

Arts During the Renaissance: Popular

Spanish Theater Before 1939

Introduction: Theater in Spain before 1939 was largely aimed at commercial purposes, primarily guided by the tastes of entrepreneurs, the aristocracy, and the bourgeoisie. This mainstream theater often showed strong resistance to innovation. Two main trends can be distinguished during this period:

Mainstream Commercial Theater

This was the dominant theatrical form, often following conventions established in the second half of the 19th century. Key aspects included:

• Bourgeois Comedy: Its subject matter typically focused on the societal norms, customs, and vices of the middle and upper classes.
• Historical-Poetic Theater in Verse: This genre often praised noble ideas, patriotism, and significant figures or events from Spanish