Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Spanish Poetry of the 1940s and 1950s

Miguel Hernández (1910-1942)

From Perito en lunas and El rayo que no cesa, the poet began to address his core subjects: life, love, and death. He wrote Viento del pueblo, featuring a popular style with patriotic and martial themes. Cancionero y romancero de ausencias is a collection of simple poems about prison, anxiety over the fate of his wife and son, the pain of his deceased child, and death in war-torn Spain.

Poetry of the 1940s: Rooted vs. Uprooted

Two main groups emerged:

Rooted Poetry (Poesía Arraigada)

Poets from the group calling themselves "Juventud Creadora" gathered around the magazines Garcilaso and Escorial. Its features include:

• Heroic or imperialist subjects alongside love and religious themes.

Pere Quart: Paid Holidays

Metric Series

Paid Holidays is a metric series of up to eight stanzas with a variety of metrics and verses without regular rhyme.

Structure

A structure can be established based on the increasingly pathetic gradation, which presents the poetic "I".

• Part One (verses 1-4): It begins with a blunt pair of verses with the term "amén," meaning "so be it," because of the many disappointments that the poet accepts resignedly.
• Part Two (verses 5-7): It temporalizes the enthusiasms and disappointments of belief in the fatherland and the people who left. He identifies with Job (one of the biblical characters who suffered the most misfortune) in the most miserable stage of rejection and marginalization. So then he says with irony that

Modernism

Modernism began in the late nineteenth century, originating in Latin America. It was created and disseminated by José Martí and Rubén Darío. The publication of Azul (Rubén Darío) in 1888 is considered the starting point of modernism.

Features

Modernist literature is characterized by its aestheticism, meaning it seeks beauty above all else. At that time, authors escaped reality in their works, speaking of the past, luxurious and refined or exotic civilizations. The themes expressed feelings like boredom and melancholy. They also used symbols, such as the swan or the owl, which became symbols of modernist aesthetics.

The Generation of 98

This was a group of authors born in the late nineteenth century who covered topics such as the... Continue reading "Modernism in Literature: Key Authors, Themes, and Evolution" »

The novel, as a genre, demanded considerable economic investment and faced challenges in disseminating its message. The Civil War profoundly disrupted the entire literary landscape for novelists, causing a collapse in the relationship between radical narrative elements. The situation shifted from a pre-war state to a bleak outlook for literary production. Catalan literature of this period can be analyzed through three key pillars:

Key Pillars of Catalan Literature During the Franco Regime

Authors: Classifications and Generations

Novelists can be classified into two main groups:

• Authors who trained in the pre-war period and continued to be prominent, such as Mercè Rodoreda i Gurguí.
• Authors who emerged or were formed after the conflict:
  • Born before

The first signs of the Catalan Literary Renaissance were poetic compositions. These initially appeared in the Principality before 1830. Poems in Catalan only sporadically appeared in Spanish-language periodicals. The most emblematic example is Bonaventura Carles Aribau's work, published in the journal El Vapor in 1833. We must also highlight the compositions of Joaquim Rubio i Ors (Lo Gaiter del Llobregat), along with those of Marià Aguiló i Aguiló (from the Balearic Islands), Tomàs Villarroya, and Vicent Boix (from Valencia). The brothers, Vicent and Teodor Llorente, were instrumental in organizing the Floral Games at the University of Valencia in 1859. With the momentum of Constantí Llombart, the Floral Games of Lo Rat Penat began.... Continue reading "Catalan Literary Renaissance: A Flourishing of Poetry and Prose" »

Typical of this novel is the bitter reflection of everyday life from an existential approach. The major themes are loneliness, inadequacy, frustration, and death. There are many marginal and displaced characters.

Delibes spoke of sadness and frustration in his first novel, Shadow of the Cypress is Long. Narrators of exile developed their work, varying from traditional realism to modernism. In their works, they mainly addressed issues of social content and recovery of Spanish reality.

The novel of the 50s continued the tradition of realism of the forties, and their characteristics are maintained until the early sixties. Although political, religious, and sexual censorship remained in force, the authors of the 50s raised an ethical commitment to... Continue reading "Existentialism and Social Commentary in Spanish Novels" »

Key Figures of the Civil War Era

Luis Cernuda

Born in Seville, Luis Cernuda was a militant defender of the Republic until the Civil War. In 1938, he was exiled to England and later to Mexico, where he died. The title of his complete works, Desire of Reality, reflects the contrast between real existence and the poet's desires, leading to feelings of frustration.

Miguel Hernández

During the Civil War, Miguel Hernández wrote poems in solidarity with the grief over the tragedy. His books from prison show the pain of separation from his wife and son.

Postwar Spanish Literature and Society

Society and Culture

The dominant ideology of the Franco regime controlled culture and its media, suppressing any alternative. The new government policy implemented... Continue reading "Modern Spanish Literature: From Conflict to Contemporary Voices" »

Understanding Discussion Forums

A discussion forum is an internet service allowing the exchange of information and opinion among people interested in a particular subject.

Unlike conventional oral debate, forum exchanges occur in written form.

The opinions, information, and comments of those involved are generally freely shared, although there is usually a moderator or coordinator.

Forums can tackle any subject, but often specialize in topics related to current events, medicine, law, studies, language, animals, and more.

Cervantes and Don Quixote

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: Life and Work

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, the most universal Spanish writer, was born in Alcalá de Henares in 1547. He participated in the Battle of Lepanto (1571), where... Continue reading "Don Quixote: Characters, Modernity, and Cervantes's Novels" »

Chronicle of James I (1208-1276)

The Chronicle of James I is an autobiographical account, presented in chronological order, of the events spanning from James I's birth to the territorial conquests of Majorca, Ibiza, Valencia, and Murcia. It details his challenges with the nobility and political pacts with Castile. The language is vivid and expressive, employing the majestic "we".

Bernat Desclot Chronicle (Late 13th Century)

This chronicle, traditionally attributed to Bernat Desclot, though likely written by an officer of the court, focuses on the reign of Peter II (1276-1285). It highlights significant episodes from the King's campaign in Sicily. The narrator uses the third person, providing an external perspective that lends an air of objectivity.... Continue reading "Catalan Medieval Literature and Historical Chronicles" »

Latin American Narrative in the Second Half of the 20th Century

Latin American narrative in the second half of the 20th century is not rooted in the tradition of the classical Spanish novel, realistic, or prior to the Civil War. Instead, it shows a great sensitivity to the transformation called the *metamorphosis of the novel*, which occurred at the hands of great European and American authors of the early 20th century, such as Joyce, Kafka, Proust, Musil, and Faulkner.

Experimental Novel and Magical Realism

Therefore, it can be described as an *experimental novel*, equivalent to what the Anglo world calls "modern", as it shows a particular sensitivity to the revolution of the aforementioned viewpoint. But it also expresses a world of very different... Continue reading "Latin American Narrative: Transformation and Magical Realism" »