Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

The Epic History of Roman Poetry

The First Period (753-241 BC): Origins of Profane Songs

The origins of Roman epic poetry are shrouded in mystery, disappearing into legends and myths. This early period featured works such as:

• Carmina Convivalia: Songs sung at banquets by young nobles, honoring their ancestors.
• Carmina Triumphalia: Jests and jeers sung by soldiers, directed at the victorious general.
• Neniae: Laments in verse, sung at funeral feasts.

The Archaic Period (241-88 BC)

This period saw the rise of named authors, representing historical facts, often contemporary to their own time:

• Livius Andronicus: A 3rd-century BC Greek from Tarentum. He translated the Odyssey into Latin, introducing epic poetry to the Roman world.
• Gnaeus Naevius: From

Narrator Types in Storytelling

Understanding the role of a narrator is crucial for literary analysis:

• Internal Narrator: Lies within the story and is often the protagonist.
• External Narrator: Lies outside the story, observing events.

Understanding Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

Prepositions are words that link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words in a sentence. They often indicate direction, time, place, or manner.

Common Prepositions and Phrases

• Simple Prepositions: to, with, of, in, by, for, toward, against, below, from, among, up to, without, on, under, ultra, edge.
• Compound Prepositions & Phrases: because of, in spite of, except, through, before, after, beside, over, under, following, against, in order to.

Grammar Rules: Avoiding

Pere Calders: A Brief Biography

Pere Calders was born in Barcelona in 1912. He spent his childhood on a farm in the Vallès region. He went to study in Barcelona when his family moved there permanently. His father, Cinto, and the school stimulated his interest in literature. Since then, he never stopped writing.

His first book, The First Harlequin, was a collection of stories published just before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. After the war, he was forced into exile. After 15 years living in Mexico, he was able to publish a new collection of stories: Chronicles of the Hidden Truth.

After 23 years of exile, he returned to Catalonia. His work was not recognized until 1978, when he published stories, including Subtle Invasion, and when the... Continue reading "Pere Calders: Life, Exile, and Literary Recognition" »

The Evolution of the Generation of '27

The evolution of the Generation of '27 can be set in three stages:

Initiation Phase (1920-1927)

This period saw poets publish their first books. Gerardo Diego was an early proponent with his creationist works. In the same period, Rafael Alberti published Marinero en tierra, and Federico García Lorca published Poema del Cante Jondo, both reflecting a Neopopulist trend.

Stage of Maturity (1928-1936)

This was the golden age of the group. Notably, two important books published were Cántico by Jorge Guillén, and Romancero Gitano by Federico García Lorca. Within this period, creationism and surrealism gave way to works such as Vicente Aleixandre's La destrucción o el amor and Federico García Lorca's Poeta en

Antonio Machado

Early Life and Education

Antonio Machado was born in Seville in 1875. He came from a learned, liberal family that moved to Madrid in 1883. He studied at the Free Institution of Education. His secular, progressive, and tolerant spirit forever marked his character. In 1907, he obtained a full professorship of French at the Institute of Soria, and there he met Leonor Izquierdo, whom he married in 1909. In 1911, he traveled to Paris and attended philosophy classes by the admired Henri Bergson. When his wife fell ill, he returned to Soria. She died in 1912, and he moved to Baeza, deeply hurt.

Career and Relationships

He continued to publish poetry, studied philosophy, and developed a radical political consciousness in contact with the... Continue reading "Antonio Machado: Life and Poetic Works" »

Relative Pronouns in Latin

Singular and Plural Forms

Five Declensions Overview

Vocabulary Lists (Pages 16-21)

Page 16

• agmen, agminis (n.): column of troops
• confertus, -a, -um (adj.): tight, crowded
• confirmo, -as, -are (v.): to ratify, confirm
• expeditus, -a, -um (adj.): without baggage
• impetus, -ūs (m.): violence, attack
• implacabilis, -e (adj.): implacable, inexorable
• necessarius,

The 17th Century in Spain: A Period of Transformation

Economic and Political Landscape

The 17th century in Spain, under the rule of the Austrias (Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II), was a period marked by significant decline and continuous military conflicts with other European powers. Monarchs inherited a country teetering on the brink of bankruptcy. By the end of the century, Spain had lost its hegemony and experienced population stagnation.

Economically, Spain was predominantly rural (approximately 80%). The largely illiterate peasant population faced widespread disappointment and discontent. A powerful and dominant noble class further exacerbated social inequalities. The era was also plagued by devastating epidemics, including the plague,... Continue reading "Spanish Golden Age: 17th Century Society, Art, and Literature" »

Spanish theater faced significant restrictions due to the new socio-political situation following the Civil War. Many intellectuals went into exile, and a rigid censorship was established on all performances, though it softened over time. The rise of cinema, and later television, drew the public, primarily the bourgeoisie, away from the theaters, leading to what is often referred to as the 'crisis of theater'.

The 1940s and Early 1950s

The initial years following the Civil War were characterized by low literary production. Writers largely kept themselves apart from overt political and ideological influence, focusing instead on human themes. Three main currents emerged:

• Bourgeois Comedy: These plays featured elaborate theatrical constructions,

Spanish Romanticism and Costumbrismo

Key Authors and Works

• Ramón de Mesonero Romanos: Known for costumbrista works like Escenas Matritenses.
• José de Larra: Famous for his critical "Articles" ("Artículos"), including El castellano viejo and Vuelva usted mañana.
• Serafín Estébanez Calderón: Wrote Escenas Andaluzas.

Early European Influences

Spanish Romanticism was influenced by European figures such as Chateaubriand, Henry Fielding, Daniel Defoe, and Sir Walter Scott. Lyrical influences include Lord Byron, while Victor Hugo impacted theater, and Alexandre Dumas influenced novels with works like The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers.

Notable Romantic Writers

• José de Larra: Also noted for his youthful contributions.
• Enrique Gil y Carrasco:

Romantic Theater

Romanticism pretended to be a drama that could shake the audience. People are represented by protagonists with a hovering mystery.

Characteristics

• The focus is usually love.
• The outcome combines the tragic and the comical, verse and prose.
• Use of measured action.
• The action transpires in different places and scenarios, and temporal skips can occur.
• Secondary actions.

The Student of Salamanca

Félix de Montemar, a Don Juan, seduces and abandons Elvira, provoking her death. Following a mysterious woman, Félix contemplates his own funeral and is brought to the "somber mansion". There, he discovers the lady is but the skeleton of Elvira, with whom Montemar marries before dying.

José de Espronceda

(1808-1842) was born in Almendralejo (Badajoz)... Continue reading "Romanticism in Spanish Literature: Authors and Works" »