Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Spanish Theater Evolution

In the late nineteenth century, the most prominent works were the so-called high comedy, while melodramas focused on the emotions of the viewer. Evolution of the drama: In the Restoration period, bourgeois comedy and farce evolved into tragedy, with a grotesque and modernist spirit, as well as symbolic poetic theater. The most serious attempts at renovation came from the Generation of '98 (Unamuno, Azorín, Valle-Inclán, initially) and the Generation of '27, including García Lorca.

A-Commercial Theater:
1. The comedy, also known as Bourgeois comedy, was highlighted by the author Benavente.
- Benavente broke with the style of Echegaray's tragedies, offering a theater with a greater focus on dialogue.
- The themes and... Continue reading "Spanish Theater Evolution: From High Comedy to Lorca's Vanguard" »

Julio Cortázar: Fantastic Conception of Reality

He began as a storyteller with works like Bestiary (1951), End of the Game (1956), and Secret Weapons (1959). Later, he wrote stories such as Stories of Cronopios and Famas (1962), All Fires the Fire (1966), Octahedron (1974), and A Certain Lucas (1977).

Cortázar's accounts show a special, fantastic conception of reality, composed of aspects that go far beyond the routine and accepted: the unexpected, the exceptional, the irrational, and the intuited. There is an existential search and reflections on creation and poetic language.

Hopscotch (Rayuela)

This book was written in 1963 and develops in Paris and Buenos Aires. Its main character is Horacio Oliveira, who in Part 1 lives in Paris with La Maga.... Continue reading "Literary Worlds: Cortázar's Hopscotch and Márquez's Macondo" »

Forms of Spanish Golden Age Theater

Corral Comedy

These performances took place in neighborhood courtyards (corrales). The plays were often long, running from Easter until the following Carnival. They were typically performed in the afternoon.

Palace Theatre (Teatro Cortesano)

This form of theater was represented in the palaces of the nobles or the king. It was often more complicated than one might think, utilizing professional actors, though sometimes the noble or monarch themselves intervened in the performance.

Mystery Plays (Autos Sacramentales)

These were one-act plays featuring religious themes and allegorical characters with a didactic intent. They were performed on the street during the celebration of Corpus Christi and financed by the city... Continue reading "The Spanish Golden Age: Lope de Vega and New Comedy" »

The Tradition of Knightly Stories

The stories about knights date back to the songs of geste, narrated by minstrels at a time when the nobility held a great historical role. These narratives were transformed during the fifteenth century as society changed profoundly.

Chivalric Romances vs. Chivalric Novels

Medieval literature developed two distinct forms of knightly fiction:

Chivalric Romances (Books of Chivalry)

• Recreate a past and remote time: The action is located in distant and exotic landscapes.
• Fantastic elements: There are dragons, giants, and other creatures in a mysterious and fantastic setting.
• Characters: The characters are often quite superhuman.

Chivalric Novels

• Reflection of the environment: They are a reflection of the environment in which

Traditional Lyric

Traditional lyrics were sung and danced to. They were anonymous and their main theme was parallelism. They were simple.

• Alba: Songs at dawn, about the beloved woman.
• Songs of Mowing: Songs sung by workers during their workday.
• Serranillas: Lyrical and narrative compositions in verse, singing of the meeting with a loving *serrana* (mountain woman).
• Villancicos: Songs with rhyme that began to be sung in churches and were associated with Christmas.

Cult Lyric

Elaborate poetry, they were borne by minstrels.

• Jarcha: Written in Mozarabic. Loving theme, from a female perspective.
• Cantigas: Written in the prestigious Galician language.

Alfonso X: Cantigas to the Virgin Mary

420 compositions that tell of the Virgin Mary's miracles. They are divided... Continue reading "Medieval Spanish Literature: Lyric, Narrative, Prose" »

Spanish Theater Before 1939

In the late nineteenth century, works known as "high comedy" by Echegaray and his followers were represented. Public taste, which was only slightly refined, and the disaffection of theater owners prevented any serious attempt at renovating the theater scene. Nevertheless, the following forms survived in the first third of the century:

1. The bourgeois comedy.
2. The farce of the Madrid or Andalusian environment, which evolved into other forms such as the grotesque tragedy or the Astracán.
3. The modernist spirit, which cultivated a poetic and symbolic theater.

Attempts at Renewal and the Generation of '98

The most serious attempts at renewal came from Unamuno, Valle Inclán, and Azorín, but few of their works were successfully... Continue reading "Spanish Theater History: Trends and Authors Before 1939" »

Social Poetry: A Stage of Transformation

2nd Stage (Social Poetry): Gabriel Celaya's "Songs of Iberia" marks the first book of this stage. The author delves into his troubles and metaphysical concerns, finding solidarity with the suffering rather than religion. In his own words, the task is "to demonstrate the tragedy of living brotherhood and then as soon as possible through it." Blas de Otero, influenced by Marxist ideology, conceives poetry as a tool for social change. He addresses the "vast majority," contrasting with Juan Ramón Jiménez's slogan. Like Jiménez, he seeks simplicity of language, though sometimes only apparent, with a desire for accessibility to help transform the world.

The work begins with a quote from Don Quixote, "will

Spanish Baroque Literary Masters

Luis de Góngora: Poetic Innovation

Luis de Góngora, born in Córdoba in 1561, lived at court in Madrid. A priest, he dedicated himself exclusively to poetry, dying in Córdoba in 1626. He wrote letrillas (humorous popular poems, often octosyllabic). Among his various works were romances and fables, such as Pyramus and Thisbe (1618), a long composition of more than 15 verses. Key poetic characteristics of Góngora include:

• A tendency towards popular burlesque vision of reality, alongside serious reflection.
• Grave and serious mythological themes.

His Soledades (silvas) were written with a simple song theme, focusing on natural life, disdain for courtly ambitions, and rural pastoral scenes. Polyphemus and Galatea... Continue reading "Spanish Baroque Literature: Key Authors and Aesthetics" »

Novecento and the Spanish Vanguard

Novecento: This literary trend aims to restore the aesthetic value of the poem. It is typical of Spain around 1910 and came into focus before the Civil War. In poetry, figures like Juan Ramón Jiménez looked away from Modernism.

Vanguardism: This represents Modernism in Europe following the initial avant-garde period.

Key European Vanguard Movements

• Futurism: Advocates a complete break with previous culture, exalting modernity, mechanics, and technique (Marinetti).
• Cubism: Vindicates the autonomy of the artwork; the writer seeks to capture the simultaneity of reality. Notable calligrams break with the linearity of language (Apollinaire).
• Dada: Tries to demonstrate the absurdity of life (Tzara).
• Surrealism: Defends

Secció A: Volcans, Meteorologia i Hidrologia

1.1 Composició Volcànica

1. CO₂, vapor d’aigua, H₂S, ... (del volcà o en fumaroles)
2. Les colades de lava estan formades d’una fracció líquida important.
3. Cendres, bombes, lapil·li (gredes, pedra pòmez...), etc.

2.2 Condicions Meteorològiques i Pressió

Com que els vents vénen del Nord (nord – nord-est, si es vol ser més precís), les temperatures seran fresques o fredes, depenent de l’època de l’any. La pressió atmosfèrica a Catalunya, segons el mapa, és de 1000-1004 hPa (mb).

3.2 Càlcul del Cabal del Riu

Segons el tall de la gràfica, la casa es veu afectada quan l’aigua del riu arriba als 4 metres. Tenint en compte que la llera és de forma triangular, la secció que té el riu... Continue reading "Anàlisi Geològica, Meteorològica i Hidrològica a Catalunya" »