Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

PERSONAL FORMS: Times as Indicative Simple Compounds

Present Perfect

I am loved, you are loved, he is loved, we are loved, you are loved, they are loved. I've been loved, you've been loved, he has been loved.

Past Perfect

We were loved, you were loved, they had been loved.

Past Imperfect

I was loved, you were loved, he was loved, we were loved, you were loved, they were loved.

Pluperfect

I had been loved, you had been loved, he had been loved, we had been loved, you had been loved, they had been loved.

Pretérito Perfecto Simple

I loved, you loved, he loved, we loved, you loved, they loved.

Pretérito Anterior

I had been loved, you had been loved, he had been loved, we had been loved, you had been loved, they had been loved.

Future Perfect

I will be loved,... Continue reading "Mastering English Verb Tenses: A Comprehensive Study" »

Realism: Philosophical and Cultural Foundations

The early Realism art movement began to dominate, heavily influenced by philosophical Positivism. For Positivism, reality is limited to perceived facts and empirical study; other forms of research are not considered empirical. During the second half of the century, Marxism also gained significant influence.

Main Features of Realistic Literature

• Observation and accurate description of reality.
• Focus on factual representation.
• Frequent purpose of social and political criticism.
• Simple and sober style, rejecting romantic rhetoric.
• Clarity and accuracy.
• Preference for the novel form.

Characteristics of the Realistic Novel

• Likelihood: Stories are based on everyday experiences.
• Individual or Collective Protagonists:

Early Life and Education

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, the renowned writer and glory of Spanish letters, was born on September 29, 1547, in Alcalá de Henares, Madrid. He was the son of surgeon Rodrigo de Cervantes and Leonor de Cortinas.

When he was four years old, his family moved to Valladolid, a city where the Royal Court of Spain, under Philip II, was then settled. In 1561, the court relocated to Madrid, and Cervantes' family also moved there.

Little is known about Miguel's early educational experiences during his childhood and adolescence. However, it is believed he attended what we would now call a university. It is known that he attended a Jesuit school, though the specific city is unknown; it is suspected to have been during his stay... Continue reading "Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: A Literary Journey" »

Characteristics of Spanish Romanticism

Spanish Romanticism, a vibrant literary movement, championed freedom in literature, art, industry, and commerce. It emphasized significant originality and individualism. The romantic style was lively and rhetorical, designed to highlight the author's intense feelings.

Core Themes and Attitudes

• The Revolt: Many texts featured marginalized characters, symbolizing a rebellious attitude against societal norms.
• The Escape: Confronting the realities of society often led to themes of evasion or a longing for remote locations.
• The Projection of Nature: Nature was frequently expressed through the author's sentiments, reflecting inner turmoil or peace.
• Nationalism: A deep appreciation for genuine manifestations of the

Chapter 1: Developments in the Channel in the 16th Century

The third-person narrator tells the story, seemingly drawing information from various sources or authors.

Chapters XI-XIV: Encounters with Goatherds

What era are we referring to? What were its characteristics? How was life lived? It refers to a primitive era where freedom, honesty, and beauty took precedence. The current difference is that these values are lost, and the errant knight must restore them.

Theory: Style

Part 1 was published in 1605, and Part 2 in 1615.

The False Quixote

In 1614, a false Quixote, signed by Avellaneda, capitalized on the success of the first part and insulted Cervantes in the prologue.

Genesis and Intention

"History of a crazy-wise man who, invoking his madness, tells... Continue reading "Don Quixote: Reason, Idealism, and Spanish Society" »

The October Revolution and Birth of the USSR

Between September and November, the Bolsheviks emerged as the primary alternative to the Provisional Government. The Petrograd Soviet, headed by Leon Trotsky, along with the Moscow Soviet and other urban centers, sided with the Bolsheviks.

Prelude to Revolution: Russia in Crisis

Conditions of life notably worsened in Russia due to widespread shortages and administrative chaos.

Lenin's Return and Bolshevik Strategy

Lenin took advantage of this chaos to return to Petrograd from his exile. The Bolshevik leadership convinced their comrades to adopt the principle of armed insurrection. The Petrograd uprising was strategically deferred to coincide with the opening of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets... Continue reading "The October Revolution: Russia's Path to the Soviet Union" »

Themes in Rosalía de Castro's Poetry

Rosalía de Castro's poetry often presents a bleak vision of life and the world, exploring themes of pain and anguish caused by the transience of life, the inability to recover the past, and profound desolation.

Poem 1: Desolation and Loss

This poem combines a unique blend of verse forms, including seven-syllable lines. The first stanza features consonant rhyme. It conveys a belief that there is no hope for the speaker, only utter desolation. This despair is so profound that even the white daylight intensifies its bitterness. The poem employs parallelism between "black nest," "grave," and "omission" on one hand, and "dead," "sad," and "my soul" on the other, emphasizing a pervasive sense of decay and sorrow.... Continue reading "Rosalía de Castro's Poetic World: Themes of Anguish and Hope" »

Unamuno

Unamuno's early work criticized the Spanish situation, looking to Europe as a model. Later, he explored the sense of existence, religious faith, and survival after death.

Works

• Test: Explored casticismo (intrahistory).
• Spanish travels and visions: Subjective views of the Spanish landscape.
• The life of Don Quixote and Sancho: Explored the tragic sense of life.
• The agony of Christianity: Examined the philosopher's condition, distresses, obsessions, search for God, immortality, and the struggle between reason and faith.

Novel

Unamuno called his new type of novel "Nivola," characterized by minimal action, dialogues, and interior monologues. Examples include:

• San Manuel Bueno, Martyr (loss of faith of a priest)
• Fog (Augusto Perez)

Ramón Maria del

Superstratum: External Linguistic Influences

A superstratum refers to the linguistic influences received from the language of a people who seize a territory during its formation, without replacing the existing language. For instance, the islands were occupied by the Vandals, leaving a superstratum influence.

Germanic Superstratum

In the Catalan lexicon, we find many words of Germanic origin, such as flag, war, and back.

Arabic Superstratum

Territories in the Arab domain were under influence for approximately three centuries. However, not all invaded lands remained under Arabic influence for the same duration. The introduction of Arabisms occurred primarily in territories under Islamic domination.

From Latin to Catalan: Language Evolution

The loss... Continue reading "Linguistic Foundations of Catalan: Superstratum and Substratum" »

Eduardo Pondal: Life and Literary Contributions

Eduardo Pondal (Ponteceso, 1835 - Madrid, 1917) began his studies with a bachelor's degree in 1848, followed by medicine and literature. He was proficient in Latin. He participated in the Lyceum Youth feast in Conxo and was associated with the Cova Celtic.

Pondal's Work

His work can be divided into two periods:

• First Period (1854-1868): Marked by a romantic trend, including the campaign of Anllóns in 1858 and contributions to the Obras Completas Anotadas de Eduardo Pondal (OAE) in 1992.
• Second Period (1877-1886): The era of regionalism, featuring works like Rumores de los Pinos (1877) and Queixumes dos Pinos (1886).

Os Eoas: An Epic Poem

Os Eoas, an epic poem, reflects Pondal's evolving thought. It... Continue reading "Galician Literature: 19th Century Authors and Works" »