Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language

Introduction

This document analyzes a newspaper editorial, examining its communicative intentions, discursive form, language use, and stylistic devices. The editorial addresses a topical issue, reflecting on it with a moderate tone and offering solutions.

Communicative Intentions and Discursive Form

The editorial exhibits a dual communicative intention: reporting and commenting. This duality is reflected in the discursive form, which blends argumentative (subjective) and expository (objective) elements. Objectivity is achieved through the use of third-person pronouns, declarative sentences, specific adjectives, and factual data. Subjectivity is evident in the use of evaluative lexis, notable emphasis, and the emergence of first, second, and third-... Continue reading "Analysis of a Newspaper Editorial" »

Kinds of Nouns

Common Nouns

Words for realities that form classes.

Proper Nouns

Words used to identify and refer to individual beings.

Concrete Nouns

Show realities that may be perceived by any of our senses.

Abstract Nouns

Designate things not perceived by the senses but only by the mind.

Collective Nouns

Singular words that refer to sets of individuals of the same nature.

Individual Nouns

Refer to each of the elements within a set, opposing groups that do not presuppose the existence of a set.

Uncountable Nouns

Realities that do not support designating numerals.

Adjectives

Morphological Viewpoint

Adjectives have morphemes of gender and number, allowing them to agree with the nouns they accompany. They can be derived or compound.

Semantic Viewpoint

Adjectives... Continue reading "Exploring Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs in Language" »

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer - Summary

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer is a novel by Patrick Süskind, narrated in the third person, that tells the life of Jean-Baptiste Grenouille.

Grenouille was born in 18th-century France amidst the most obnoxious odors imaginable. Abandoned by his mother, he barely survived. However, he possessed something special from birth: an extraordinary sense of smell. This gift, coupled with his lack of a personal odor, drove him to become a murderer with a singular goal: to create the most exquisite human scent.

This obsession led him to commit heinous crimes, extracting the most exquisite fragrances from his victims' bodies, culminating in an unexpected and surprising ending.

The Development of Odors in the Book

The... Continue reading "Perfume: The Story of a Murderer - A Detailed Summary" »

The Solar System and Its Components

It consists of a single star called Sol, which gives this system its name, plus eight planets orbiting the star: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Plus a number of small bodies:

• Dwarf planets (Pluto, Eris, Makemake, Haumea, and Ceres)
• Asteroids
• Moons
• Comets

...and interplanetary space between them.

Earth Sciences and Geosciences

The Earth Sciences and Geosciences are all the disciplines that study the internal structure, surface morphology, dynamics, and evolution of Planet Earth. Earth Science is a special case of planetary sciences, dealing generally with the study of Solar System planets and respect.

Earth's Movements: Rotation and Revolution

The rotation occurs from left to right... Continue reading "Dynamics of Earth and the Solar System: Movements and Phenomena" »

The Description: Definition and Purpose

A description is the presentation of the characteristic features of beings, objects, places, or phenomena (belonging to the real world or imagined), so that the receiver can form an accurate idea of them.

Classification of Descriptions

• Objective Description

  The issuer shows reality without providing personal ratings. Factual descriptions are often technical or scientific.

• Subjective Description

  The issuer shows their particular perception of what they describe. Subjective descriptions are often literary or used in advertising.

• Static Description

  Presents a stable and unmoving reality.

• Dynamic Description

  Presents a changing and moving reality.

Language Used in Descriptions

In descriptions, adjectives gain relevance,... Continue reading "Essential Concepts of Grammar: Descriptions, Verbs, and Adverbs" »

Galician Popularization in Portugal

The great writers were concerned about the lack of written rules in common, which would be a priority goal. In Galician, we distinguish the following steps:

Precursors and writers belonging to the *Renacemento* (Renaissance). It is characterized by Castilianisms, dialects, and vulgarisms in speech, such as the use of Spanish to resolve lexical deficiencies. There is some interdialectal talk; it does not merely reflect the speech of the area. Eduardo Pondal's writing is cultured and refined; he takes into account Portuguese and makes use of cultism in spelling. The use of Spanish was something that they knew well. The best writing of the 19th century uses single quotes to represent contractions. An institution... Continue reading "Evolution of the Galician Language Since the 19th Century" »

Dialogue

Dialogue is a text type in which two or more people share the use of words. It is the most frequent form of communication in daily life. Dialogue can be conducted directly or through other means.

Kinds of Dialogue

• Unplanned: These are spontaneous, impromptu, and without preparation, such as a conversation.
• Planned: Prepared in advance, such as a party, debate, or interview.

Exposition

Exposition is a text that presents or explains a topic.

Structure of an Exposition

• Introduction: The topic is introduced.
• Body: Paragraphs in which the subject is developed.
• Conclusion: A final summary of the main ideas.

Argumentation

Argumentation is a text that defends an idea.

Varieties of Language

Verbal language is communicated through words.

• Oral: Spread by word

Mercè Rodoreda's Broken Mirror: Narrative and Themes

Mirall Trencat (Broken Mirror) belongs to the narrative genre. It is a novel that reflects the lives of several characters belonging to the wealthy Valldaura family. This novel, characteristic of 20th-century literature, aims primarily to entertain the reader, offering simple enjoyment without attempting to indoctrinate or impose a specific message.

Narrative Structure and Lexicon

The lexicon used by the author, Mercè Rodoreda, is simple yet clear and precise. The primary narrator of this novel is omniscient, although this perspective is sometimes inconsistent across certain chapters. Rodoreda masterfully alternates between the omniscient voice and internal monologues in various episodes,... Continue reading "Mercè Rodoreda's Broken Mirror: Analysis of Symbolism" »

The work of José Antonio Martínez, particularly his Properties of Poetic Language (1975), provides a clearer understanding of structuralist literature in Spanish. Martínez states that the creation of linguistic figures can be achieved in two primary ways:

• Diversions
• Anomalies

Diversions in Poetic Language

Diversions are considered anti-creative uses of language. They involve deviations in expression and content, originating first from the destruction of the usual relationship (an "offset") and secondly from a reduction in the deviation, which allows for textual interpretation. Martínez distinguishes three types of diversion:

• Deviation by Combination

  This category includes figures like metonymy. For example, in the phrase "neighing rearing," the

Types of Stanzas

Two-Line Stanzas

Paired: Artful, with or without assonance or consonance (aa / AA).

Three-Line Stanzas

Tercet: Three lines with an ABA rhyme scheme.

Soleá: Three lines with an aba assonance scheme.

Four-Line Stanzas

Quatrain: Four lines with an ABBA rhyme scheme.

Quatrain: Four lines with an abba rhyme scheme.

Serventesio: Four lines with an ABAB rhyme scheme.

Copla: Four lines with a 7-5 assonance scheme (aa-5).

Redondilla: Four lines with a 8-syllable abab rhyme scheme.

Cuarteta: Four lines with an abab rhyme scheme.

Seguidilla: Four lines with an assonance scheme (ababaa).

Octava Real (8-line stanza): Eight lines with an ABBAACCA rhyme scheme.

Five-Line Stanzas

Limerick: Five lines with varying rhyme and meter.

Quintet: Five lines with... Continue reading "Poetic Forms and Figures of Speech" »