Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language

Vocabulary and Text Properties

Statements

Clusters of words uttered in a tone different from prayer because they have a subject-predicate structure. For example, "Help!" is a statement.

Text

A linguistic unit that is maximum, is formed by the same content, has the same purpose, and its parts are linked. Texts can have only one word.

Cohesion

A property of texts that adjusts to the circumstances of the communication (the receiver, the location, channel, etc.). It is also the piece of text that consists of all statements that are related by linguistic mechanisms that favor the union.

Consistency

The property of the text that creates a union between the statements they contain and is assumed by thematic unity: they all speak the same logical arrangement... Continue reading "Understanding Text Properties and Types of Speech" »

Family and Childhood

Marshall Mathers, known professionally as Eminem, developed a strong bond with his grandmother, Betty Kresin. His relationship with his mother, Debbie Mathers, was a constant source of conflict. Debbie accused him of lying and drug addiction, and blamed his frequent relocations on her inability to find steady work. Meanwhile, Betty told the BBC that she "spoiled" her grandson, who did not leave home until he was twenty years old.

Eminem has a fifteen-year-younger brother, Nathan. He was also close friends from childhood with his uncle, Ronnie Polkingharn, who was the same age as him. In the early nineties, Ronnie, who suffered from depression, committed suicide. This incident caused a final rupture in Marshall's relationship... Continue reading "Eminem's Early Life and Career: From Detroit to Stardom" »

Lazarillo de Tormes: An Introduction

Lazarillo de Tormes was first published in 1554. Its author is unknown. The work consists of a prologue and seven parts, or treaties.

Structure and Narrative

It tells the story of a poor boy who, from various hardships, spends his childhood serving different masters.

The last of the treaties is a letter-response that explains a case: the talk about Lázaro's relationships with women and the Archpriest of San Salvador.

Lázaro's Experiences and Survival

The six other treaties can be divided into two parts:

• The three most extensive first parts show Lázaro learning in adversity.
• In the other three, Lázaro starts to improve his living standards. He has learned enough to survive, which explains his consent to his wife'

Nouns

Definition: A noun is a grammatical category that represents things belonging to a class. It designates realities conceived as existing or potential entities, not qualities applicable to other entities. Nouns have inherent gender and can function alone or with a determiner, often as the subject of a sentence. A noun consists of a root (lexeme), morphemes of gender (masculine/feminine), and morphemes of number (singular/plural).

Classifications

Philosophical:

• Abstract: Not tangible realities, not appreciated by the senses.
• Concrete: Realities that materialize.

Semantic:

• Individual
• Collective
• Common
• Proper
• Animate
• Inanimate
• Countable
• Uncountable

Grammatical Gender:

• Heteroclitic: Different lexical roots for gender variations.
• Ambiguous: Undefined grammatical

ITEM 9: THE SYSTEM OF LANGUAGE I

1 - What is Grammatical Competence and its Application in Education?

Communicative competence (speaking, reading, listening, and writing) encompasses various skills, including grammatical competence. Grammatical competence is not just about the rules of a language but also the practical application and strategies for learning. Canale (1985) defines four dimensions of communicative competence: grammatical, sociolinguistic, discursive, and strategic/pragmatic.

Components of Grammatical Competence:

Here's a summary of the components:

1. Phonology: Pronunciation aspects like elisions, speed, intonation, and emphatic contrasts.
2. Spelling: Conventions of writing, including spelling, segmentation, and punctuation.
3. Vocabulary:

Topic Relevance and Reader Engagement

Assess whether the commentary's topic is current and its main subject. Include references to the text. Consider if the text's ideas resonate with and involve the reader.

Formal Aspects and Exposition

Evaluate if the reader feels involved in the text and understands the topic and thesis firsthand. Elaborate on this point. Subsequently, consider:

Content Structure and Coherence

A well-structured content clearly presents the central idea and its various aspects, reiterating them throughout the text. This confers coherence and cohesion among the text's parts.

Author's Voice and Argumentation

Identifying the Thesis and Author's Opinion

The author's opinion typically constitutes the thesis.

Objectivity vs. Subjectivity

• Objectivity:

Narcís Oller: A Literary Portrait

Narcís Oller i Moragas (1846–1930), born in Valls, Catalonia, was a prominent figure in Catalan literature. His professional activities alternated with a profound literary vocation.

Early Life and Literary Beginnings

Initially writing in Spanish, Oller's participation in the tertúlies (literary gatherings) of La Renaixença, his involvement with literary journals, and his attendance at the Floral Games ultimately persuaded him to write in Catalan. This period marked a significant shift in his literary focus, aligning him with the burgeoning Catalan cultural movement.

Major Novels and Their Themes

Oller's work primarily consists of six influential novels, each exploring distinct facets of society and human nature:... Continue reading "Narcís Oller: Master of Catalan Realism and Naturalism" »

Lazarillo de Tormes: Summary and Analysis

Lazarillo de Tormes has had several sequels and imitations. In 1620, Juan de Luna published the Second Part of Lazarillo of Tormes in Paris. The same year, El Lazarillo de Manzanares by Juan Cortes de Tolosa was published in Madrid. Even in modern times, Camilo José Cela published New Adventures and Misadventures of Lazarillo de Tormes.

Plot and Structure

The novel consists of a prologue and seven treatises of uneven length. It is written in an autobiographical form: the narrator writes to "Your Grace," who has previously asked him to fully explain "the case," referring to rumors about the infidelity of Lázaro's wife. Lázaro does not limit himself to accounting for the case, but, justifying himself... Continue reading "Lazarillo de Tormes: Summary, Analysis & Structure" »

Vanguards and "Isms": Ramón Gómez de la Serna

In the 1920s, Novecentismo rejected mimetic and realistic poetry. It embraced a disruptive position, obsessed with aesthetic exploration and experimentation. The concept of "art" encompassed various movements, including Futurism, Cubism, Surrealism, Creationism, and Ultraism. These diverse trends rejected imitation, sentimentality, conformity, and established rules. They argued that the poet, the creator, must be original and forge their own aesthetic. The quest for originality became essential, emphasizing surprise and provocation through play and humor.

From 1926 onward, Spain witnessed the emergence of the avant-garde. Creationism, the first movement, appeared through Gerardo Diego's magazine,... Continue reading "Spanish Avant-Garde Movements in the 1920s" »

Introduction

This document analyzes a newspaper editorial, examining its communicative intentions, discursive form, language use, and stylistic devices. The editorial addresses a topical issue, reflecting on it with a moderate tone and offering solutions.

Communicative Intentions and Discursive Form

The editorial exhibits a dual communicative intention: reporting and commenting. This duality is reflected in the discursive form, which blends argumentative (subjective) and expository (objective) elements. Objectivity is achieved through the use of third-person pronouns, declarative sentences, specific adjectives, and factual data. Subjectivity is evident in the use of evaluative lexis, notable emphasis, and the emergence of first, second, and third-... Continue reading "Analysis of a Newspaper Editorial" »