Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language

Vocabulary

Text is the maximum linguistic unit. It consists of content that has the same purpose and is linked together. It may also be formed by a single word. A text is a set of statements, words uttered in a certain tone. It differs from a sentence because it does not have to have a subject and predicate structure, such as "HELP!" or the sign of a pharmacy.

• Cohesion: The statements are related by linguistic mechanisms that create a union.
• Coherence: This is a property of text where there is a union between its component statements. This is achieved through thematic unity (all parts address the same subject) and a logical spatial arrangement. Everything has to be ordered.

Expository texts are specialized texts directed at expert readers. They... Continue reading "Understanding Text: Structure, Types, and Linguistic Features" »

Definition of a Bill of Exchange

It is a document whereby a person, called the Drawer, instructs another, called the Drawee, to pay a certain amount of money, at a specific time and place, to a person known as the Payee, Holder, or Beneficiary.

Understanding the Bill Guarantee (Aval)

The guarantee (or aval) is the act of undertaking to pay the bill jointly with the drawer. This ensures that the drawee will pay the amount owed; otherwise, the guarantor is responsible for the payment. The Guarantor is the party providing the surety, and the Guaranteed party is the one whose obligation is secured. The guarantee may be limited or unlimited.

Key Roles in a Bill of Exchange

• Drawer: The person issuing the bill and ordering the drawee to pay.
• Drawee (Librado)

Understanding Internet Service Provider Tiers

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) operate within a hierarchical structure, ensuring global connectivity. This hierarchy is typically categorized into three main tiers, each playing a distinct role in the internet's infrastructure.

Tier 1 ISPs: The Global Internet Backbone

Tier 1 ISPs are at the apex of the internet hierarchy. These large organizations connect directly with each other through private, peering connections, physically uniting their individual network backbones to create the global Internet backbone. Within their own extensive networks, Tier 1 ISPs own the routers, data links, and other high-speed equipment that bind to other Tier 1 ISP networks. This infrastructure includes vital components... Continue reading "ISP Tiers Explained: Global Internet Backbone & Customer Connection" »

Alexander Graham Bell and the Tipping Alphabet

Alexander Graham Bell utilized a manual alphabet known as the Tipping Alphabet, which can also be found in Dalgarno's work (1680) and was cited by Fortich (1987). This alphabet identified letters using internal areas of the hand. A glove with letters written on it could also be used.

Positive Recruitment

Individuals experiencing positive recruitment go from not hearing a sound to experiencing discomfort. Their auditory perception does not increase proportionally with the stimulus, as described by the Weber-Fechner Law. They begin to hear more intensely than usual, and the perceived intensity increases disproportionately, reaching the threshold sooner than a healthy ear. This phenomenon is associated... Continue reading "Understanding Spanish Sign Language: Key Features and Grammar" »

Themes and Social Critique in Lazarillo de Tormes

The protagonist's life often revolves around deception and survival. Many characters are representative of Spanish society of the time. The narrator critiques this society, highlighting its pervasive poverty and the plight of the dispossessed. A constant motif in the work is religion; the narrator subtly critiques the clergy and false piety. The concept of honor is also explored throughout the novel, criticizing its external, superficial manifestation. With Lázaro, the protagonist and narrative diverge significantly from the traditional heroic figures prevalent in novels of the time. The main character is a common man, an antihero.

Literary Style and Language of Lazarillo

The language is direct... Continue reading "Unveiling Lazarillo de Tormes: Themes, Style, and Impact" »

Góngora's Poetic Characteristics

GÓNGORA, for aesthetic reasons, is characterized by:

• Pictorial sense.
• Landscape. The reason is the nature of his work, describing landscapes, objects, animals, flowers, fruits...
• Cultism and popular mix of cultured and popular elements.
• Satire and panegyric: He cultivates two contradictory types of poetry: satire, in which he criticizes, and panegyric, in which he praises nobles and heroes.

Góngora's Main Topics

TOPICS: Love, satirical, moral, philosophical, religious, laudatory, and funeral.

Góngora's Style

STYLE: The most obvious feature is the difficulty. He employs learned words, metaphors, and hyperbaton.

It is characterized by the use of: learned words: He uses words of Latin origin in order to get away from... Continue reading "Góngora's Poetic Style, Themes, and Textual Analysis" »

Identity and Organization

Evaluating Study Techniques

Evaluate the domain level the student has achieved in study techniques.

Life and Career Plan

Promotes self-evaluation of one's life purpose and finding meaning in life.

Life in its Fullness

Begins when one defines what they truly want.

Time

Time is divided into three parts: past, present, and future.

Personal Diagnosis

Is essential to start good life planning.

Abraham H. Maslow

Maslow said psychology shouldn't just cure illness, but also promote self-help. He identified two types of needs: 1. Deficit needs (bodily needs) and 2. Development needs (the more they are satisfied, the greater they become).

Universal Values

Love and justice are universal values.

Decision-Making Criteria

Proposed criteria to guide... Continue reading "Mastering Study Techniques and Life Planning" »

Metaphor

A metaphor identifies a word with another, replacing an idea with a more expressive one. If a comparison uses a comparative link (such as "like" or "as"), it becomes a metaphor.

• The cypress is a water fountain.
• The sigh escaping from your strawberry mouth. (Strawberry = red and sweet.)

Sometimes, the actual term of the metaphor appears; this is a pure metaphor.

• The sweet mouth that invites you to taste a joke among distilled pearls...

"Pearls" is a metaphor for "teeth".

Antithesis

Antithesis relates two words that oppose each other.

• Sleep was yesterday; tomorrow is land!
• Shortly before, nothing, and shortly after, smoke!

It was - is, sleep - land, yesterday - morning, shortly before - shortly after. Opposing words are used to attract attention.... Continue reading "Literary Devices: Metaphor, Antithesis, Personification" »

Understanding Information Gathering Techniques

Interviews: A Core Data Collection Method

An interview is a structured meeting between two or more individuals, primarily for gathering information. Various types of interviews exist, each serving a distinct purpose:

• Journalistic Interview: For news and reporting.
• TV Interview: Broadcast discussions.
• Clinical Interview: Used in healthcare for diagnosis and assessment.
• Job Interview: For evaluating candidates for employment.

Observation: Verifying and Deepening Insights

Observation is a crucial method for gathering information, often employed after an initial technique to obtain more detailed insights about system participants and to verify previously collected data.

Observing Organizational Decision-Makers

This... Continue reading "Information Gathering for Systems Analysis" »

Vocabulary and Text Properties

Statements

Clusters of words uttered in a tone different from prayer because they have a subject-predicate structure. For example, "Help!" is a statement.

Text

A linguistic unit that is maximum, is formed by the same content, has the same purpose, and its parts are linked. Texts can have only one word.

Cohesion

A property of texts that adjusts to the circumstances of the communication (the receiver, the location, channel, etc.). It is also the piece of text that consists of all statements that are related by linguistic mechanisms that favor the union.

Consistency

The property of the text that creates a union between the statements they contain and is assumed by thematic unity: they all speak the same logical arrangement... Continue reading "Understanding Text Properties and Types of Speech" »