Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language

Eleanitz: A Multilingual Education Project

ELEANITZ, meaning "multilingual" in Basque, is a project launched in 1991 to prepare students for a multilingual and multicultural Europe. It involves teaching Basque and Spanish, the region's official languages, and introducing English and French within a common methodological and curricular framework.

Eleanitz English, a component of this integrated language policy, provides curriculum, materials, and training for teaching English to students aged 4-16. Activities include stories, booklets, and songs, utilizing materials like folders, crayons, and booklets. While used in many private schools, the materials are not publicly available.

Dip-Dip-Dip: English for Young Learners

Designed for berritzeguneak... Continue reading "Language Teaching Methodologies: Eleanitz, Dip-Dip-Dip, and TPR" »

Becoming an Entrepreneur in Spain

To become an entrepreneur in Spain, an individual must be a natural person, emancipated, and at least 18 years old.

General Requirements for Entrepreneurs

If an individual from abroad wishes to become an entrepreneur in Spain, they will need a visa. For non-EU citizens, a special permit is required to establish residency. EU citizens, however, can register with social security and obtain a NIE (Número de Identificación de Extranjero).

Non-EU Citizens: Initial Steps

Non-EU citizens seeking to establish themselves as entrepreneurs must first consult with the Spanish consulate in their home country to discuss their intentions and obtain the necessary permissions.

Financial Requirements for Freelancers

To reside in... Continue reading "Spain Residency: Entrepreneurs, Investors, Skilled Workers" »

From, to, Dear sir/madam, dear mr.

I am writing to inform you of the numerous complaints we hacve received in The last three months with reference to your service. Most of our custmer Coincide in the same problems therefore we think convenient to inform your Company, so that you find a solution for that terrible situation.

First of all, when they came to the airport, they found that there was Nobody to meet them. We have reconciled that they payed the transport to hotel. They have complained about the excursions to (Picos de Europa), the majority of Time is established an hour and always they have been late to gathering them And when they arrived to the place, they hope for the guide that realizes the Hiking with them.

Futhermore, in the (Prado... Continue reading "Complaint Response: Addressing Service Issues and Seeking Resolution" »

Essential Tourism Vocabulary

TOUR (The Japanese group wish to travel around Europe for two weeks.) (To travel to different places in the same journey.) (The program includes a guided tour around the Kennedy Center.)

TEND (To be likely to happen.) (The Europeans tend to stay longer in Hawaii than others.)

PROMOTE/PROMOTION (To help something to develop or increase.) (Our latest promotion of package holidays.)

CONSULTANT (Someone whose job is to look after or help customers in a public place.) (The travel consultant was really helpful with advice for our trip.)

SALE (Point of sale)

COSTING (The process of calculating the cost of a future business activity or product.) (The tour operator had to calculate the costing of the package holiday to France.... Continue reading "Essential Tourism Vocabulary: Definitions and Examples" »

1. 18. Aphasia: Aphasia is defined as an acquired impairment in the use of language due to damage to certain parts of the brain. This damage could be caused by injury, stroke, or seizure. The language deficits include difficulties in language comprehension and execution.
2. 19. Major Types of Aphasias: All aphasias can be classified into two groups. Non-fluent aphasias involve difficulty producing fluent, articulated, or self-initiated speech. Fluent aphasias involve the inability to understand the language of others and the production of less meaningful speech than normal.
3. 20. Non-Fluent Aphasias: Broca’s aphasia is a type of aphasia characterized by difficulties initiating well-articulated conversational speech. The language produced is slow, labored,

Unit 3: Middle English Literature

3.1 General Characteristics of the Period

The Middle English period spans from 1100 to 1500, although some scholars prefer 1150 as the starting point, particularly regarding literature (the final entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is dated to 1154). While 1500 is conventionally used as the closing date, 1547 (the death of Henry VIII) has gained recent traction. The Norman Conquest of 1066 dramatically reshaped English literature and culture during these 400 years. William, the Duke of Normandy's invasion, led to a new French aristocracy, establishing French as the language of the ruling class. While the masses continued speaking English, it was considered uncultivated. However, the influx of French words enriched... Continue reading "Middle English Literature (1100-1500): An Overview" »

Inversion Exercises

Part A

1. A1 Little did Grandad know
   2 Seldom have/had I seen
   3 Down came the rain
   4 Matt did was travel
   5 a podcast I heard that
   6 we’re/are doing is learning
   7 11 got on did I realise
2. 1 1 the markets that are
   2 really amazed me was
   3 was Tom who booked
   4 truth is
   5 I in your position, I’d/would
   6 were standing
   7 no time did Ella feel
3. 1 1 sooner
   2 means
   3 had
   4 It
   5 had
   6 question
4. 1 1 authenticity
   2 immersing
   3 strive for perfection
   4 high season
   5 influenced
   6 contributing factors
   7 ended up
5. 1 1 distorted
   2 picturesque
   3 cancellations
   4 expectancy
   5 learning
   6 disparity
6. 1 1 come up against
   2 put up with
   3 rough it
   4 sent out
   5 keep up with
   6 stand out
   7 fit in
7. 1 1 C
   2 B
   3 A
   4 B
   5 B
8. 1 1 C
   2 B
   3 A
   4 A
   5 C
9. 1 1 F
   2 A
   3 C
   4 E
   5 B

Part

William Wordsworth: “I wandered lonely as a cloud”

He was born in England, 1770. He was a poet who helped to found the Romantic Movement in English Literature. He wrote “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” and worked with Samuel Taylor Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads, 1798. The collection which contained Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey”, introduced romanticism to English poetry. He also showed his affinity for nature through some of his poems and he became England’s poet laureate in 1843, a role that he held until he died in 1850. William Wordsworth visited France in the middle of the French Revolution and was a supporter of the new government and republican ideals. Furthermore, he is considered to belong to the Lake School, the first generation... Continue reading "William Wordsworth: The Romantic Poet and Nature Lover" »

Why Leaves Turn Color in the Fall

Understanding Autumn's Stealth

The author describes autumn as a season that passes quickly through the years, acting with a sense of stealth.

Cause and Effect of Falling Leaves

The text explains the process of leaves changing color and falling in autumn through a cause-and-effect chain:

1. Trees pull nutrients back into their trunks and roots.
2. Corky layers of cells form at the petioles and scar over.
3. Undernourished leaves stop producing pigment.
4. Photosynthesis stops.
5. Leaves die and fall off.

The Role of Scientific Diction

The author uses scientific terms like anthocyanin and carotenoids to explain the pigments responsible for the changing colors of leaves. Anthocyanin is a red-violet pigment influenced by temperature and... Continue reading "Exploring the Beauty and Tragedy of Nature and Humanity: A Literary Analysis" »