Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

What landforms stretches from the Atlantic coast and Eastern Europe?

Northern European plain

The leading agricultural producer in the European Union is

France

Germany's economy is based on

Industry

What landform covers much of Switzerland and Austria

Mountains

West Central Europe's Marine West Coast climate is a key natural resource for

Farming

During World War II France and the Benelux countries were invaded by

Germany

The Benelux countries are all

densely populated

The Dutch have used dikes and other technology to

Create polders

A highly urbanized and industrialized area of the Netherlands is called

Rotterdam

What industry employs more than half of Austria's workforce?

Service

Belgium has been troubled by regional conflicts over

Language and other cultural issues

Switzerland

Does... Continue reading "Key Features of European Geography and History" »

RESTORATION CRISIS

regenerationism (2nd stage restoration 20th cent. attempt reform syst & increase social support), parties conservative canovas-->Maura (change law to fight caciquism, compulsory voting, strike regulation, sunday rest & old age/unemployment benefit) liberal sagasta-->canalejas (eliminated consumos tax, compulsory military service, ends quintas, limited church influ) problems loss of colonies, needed em in imperialist era, got north morocco=low resources, BCN TRAGIC WEEK dissatisfaction bc reservist call (trigger), radical ideology, antimaurism & anticlericalism (cyclical), canalejas assassination, 1917 CRISIS unable to keep syst, causes (Spain neutrality in WWI, production & profit growth, same wage but... Continue reading "Spanish Restoration Crisis and Transition to Francoism" »

Spain's 1812 Constitution: A Landmark Document

This document presents key legal articles from Spain's very first Constitution, drafted by members of the Central Junta and promulgated on March 19^th, 1812.

Genesis of the Cadiz Constitution

This Constitution was forged during the tumultuous Spanish War of Independence. At that time, French troops aimed to cross Spain to attack Portugal, but Spaniards soon realized they were acting as an occupying force. Witnessing this, Prince Ferdinand organized the Aranjuez Mutiny in 1808, which led to Prime Minister Godoy’s dismissal and King Charles IV’s abdication. Exploiting the conflict between father and son (Charles IV and Ferdinand VII), Napoleon summoned them to Bayonne, compelling their abdication... Continue reading "Spain's 1812 Constitution: Liberalism and National Sovereignty" »

The Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked a significant turning point in Indian history. It resulted in the establishment of British control over Bengal, marking the beginning of British colonial rule in India. This victory allowed the British East India Company to expand its influence and control over other parts of India, leading to the gradual colonization of the subcontinent.

The Path to Indian Independence: Key Movements and Milestones

Birth of Indian National Congress and Swadeshi Movement (1885 - 1905)

Indian National Congress (INC)

Founded in 1885, the Indian National Congress (INC) aimed to achieve self-rule for India through peaceful means. Its early leaders included Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, and Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee.

Swadeshi

1. Introduction

• Type of Text: Primary source. A manifest; a historical and political text.

• Author: Collective (Basque political and trade union organizations in exile in France: PCE, PNV, UGT, Izquierda Republicana, ANV, Euskadi Mendigozale Batza, PSOE, ELA, Republicans, CNT).

• Addressee: Primarily all citizens of the Basque Country, and indirectly the Franco Regime. A public text.

• Objective: To reaffirm allegiance to the Republic, support the Basque Government in exile, oppose the dictatorship, and prevent the restoration of the monarchy.

• Location and Date: Published in Bayonne (France) on March 31, 1945, during early Francoism, while the Basque Government was in exile in France, a period of repression and hope for restoring the Republic in Spain

Mexico & Argentina

Mexico's Path to Independence

The hero of the independence, liberal general Guadalupe Victoria, was elected first president under the new constitution in 1833. President Valentín Gómez Farías pushed to Congress a series of radical liberal reforms. General Antonio López de Santa Anna occupied the capital and sent Gómez into exile. He repealed the reform laws and suspended the constitution. The new conservative constitution of 1836 reduced the states to be completely dominated by the central government. This led to the loss of Texas in 1836. The United States annexed Texas in 1845, and the Mexican-American War broke out. By the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico gave up half of the country, ceding Texas, California,... Continue reading "The Struggle for Independence in Mexico and Argentina" »

The Age of Johnson

1744-1785, often referred to as The Age of Sensibility.

Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), poet, critic, and author of fiction, is the namesake for this period in literature. Johnson wielded considerable influence over this era with works that focused on neoclassical aesthetics (the study of natural and artistic beauty with an eye toward the great classical writers). Johnson and his fellow writers placed great emphasis on the values of the Enlightenment which stressed the importance of using knowledge, not faith and superstition, to enlighten others, and led to the expansion of many social, economic, and cultural areas including astronomy, politics, and medicine. Writers of the Age of Johnson focused on the qualities of intellect,... Continue reading "The Age of Johnson: Literature, Enlightenment, and Legacy" »

Before the Revolution

In 1900, the Russian Empire had the following characteristics:

• The government was autocratic: the Tsar had unlimited power and authority. Civil rights were not recognized and political parties were repressed.
• The economy was semi-feudal: agricultural land was owned by a wealthy minority and worked by a peasant majority. In 1890, industrialization began, giving rise to the formation of a small bourgeoisie of business owners and a proletariat.
• There was social unrest: three-quarters of the population were peasants who lived in poverty and paid high taxes.

The Causes of the Revolution

During the rule of Tsar Nicholas II, his autocratic power decreased for various reasons:

• The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

  Russia and Japan fought

Mexico has voted for a change and got it. Andrés Manuel López Obrador won the elections by a wide margin and MORENA obtained the majority at the federal level in the chamber of deputies and senators. This practically leaves the country without counterweights, only with the judiciary as hope to exercise responsible opposition.

Although MORENA dominates the chamber of deputies, the presidency of the same indicates, according to the regulations, that the rotation of the board of directors must go in order according to the majorities, so this year it is up to the National Action Party. That has happened in recent years without fail, however, MORENA, with its overwhelming majority, intended that the current president of the Chamber of Deputies,