Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Greek

Interest Group and Political Finance Terminology

Foundational Concepts

• Faction: What founders called parties or interest groups.
• Pluralism: Theory that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power of any single group.
• Interest Group: A group with a common interest that seeks to influence government.
• Movement: A large number of people sharing a common issue who are willing to take action.

Organizational Structures and Membership

• Open Shop: A company cannot require union membership as a condition of employment.
• Close Shop: Union membership can be a condition of employment (Note: This practice is largely illegal in the U.S. today).
• Free Rider: An individual who joins a group to collect benefits without being interested in or contributing

Birth of Iberian Christian Kingdoms (8th-10th C.)

The Cantabrian and Pyrenees regions were the origin of new Christian kingdoms formed in the northern Iberian Peninsula between the 8th and 9th centuries.

The Kingdom of Asturias and León

The Kingdom of Asturias emerged in the first half of the 8th century. In 718, Visigoths elected Don Pelayo (Pelagius) as their king. This king confronted the Muslims in the Battle of Covadonga (722). The court was established in Oviedo. Its maximum expansion coincided with the reign of Afonso III (866-910). In the 10th century, the capital was moved to León, and it became known as the Kingdom of León.

The Rise of Castile

Castile was a border zone defending against Muslim incursions from the Ebro Valley. It was... Continue reading "Medieval Iberian Christian Kingdoms: Formation & Society" »

Simple Present Tense Structure

• Affirmative Form

  • I / You / We / They + Infinitive Verb
  • He / She / It + Infinitive Verb ending in -s

• Negative Form

  • I / You / We / They + do not (don't) + Infinitive Verb
  • He / She / It + does not (doesn't) + Infinitive Verb

• Interrogative Form

  • Do + I / You / We / They + Infinitive Verb?
  • Does + He / She / It + Infinitive Verb?

Usage Notes

Used for habits and routines. Frequency adverbs often appear: often, always, sometimes, never, usually, seldom, every...

Present Continuous Tense Structure

• Affirmative Form

  • I + am + Verb + ING
  • He / She / It + is + Verb + ING
  • You / We / They + are + Verb + ING

• Negative Form

  • I + am not + Verb + ING
  • He / She / It + is not (isn't) + Verb + ING
  • You / We / They + are not (aren't) + Verb + ING

• Interrogative

Chapter 9: Hester's Plea

Hester speaks with Roger and insists that he reveal his true identity to Dimmesdale. Believing it's time to unburden Dimmesdale, she reveals Roger's secret. Meanwhile, Pearl questions her mother about the scarlet letter, but Hester tells her that some things are beyond a child's understanding.

Chapter 10: A Secret Revealed

Determined to help Dimmesdale, Hester arranges a meeting in the forest. There, she reveals Roger's true identity as her husband.

Chapter 11: A Moment of Freedom

During their conversation, Hester removes the scarlet letter, feeling a sense of liberation. She introduces Pearl to Dimmesdale as her father, expressing her love for him. They plan to escape to Bristol by ship. Dimmesdale, though unwell, refuses... Continue reading "The Scarlet Letter: Chapters 9-12 Summary and Analysis" »