Orogen: geological structures originally larger d is due to internal heat molded by external agents.

Meander: Curves in the path of a river where erosion occurs on the outside and sedimentation on the inside.

Dolina: Subsidence in the ground caused by the dissolution in the subsurface.

Loess: Extensive clay deposits transpote wind up thousands of miles

Morrenas: are deposits of sediment is called till, which is transported by glaciers

Domain Mediterranean: are temperate climates are dry and rainfall in spring and autumn floods. Streams and wadis are dry all year round except when it rains. The sediment-laden water flows for this reason the presence of alluvial fans in the valley bottom end their tour the streams and ravines. Vegetation is... Continue reading "Key Geological Terms and Weathering Factors" »

Study Methods of Earth's Interior

Several methods are used to study the Earth's interior:

• Probes and Mines: Direct observation is limited by depth (radius ~6371 km, probes go as deep as 13km).
• Study of Rocks: Natural phenomena like erosion and volcanic eruptions expose deeper rocks.
• Meteorites: Provide information about the primordial materials of the solar system, including Earth.
• Seismic Methods: The most effective method. Analysis of seismic waves from earthquakes that travel through the Earth's interior, providing data via seismographs.

Inner Layers of the Earth

The Earth's internal layers are distributed in order of increasing density, separated by seismic discontinuities.

Compositional Layers

• Crust and Mantle: Composed of rocks, with the less

Non-Renewable Energy Sources

Coal

Formed by the decomposition of plant material. Thermal power plants use the energy generated from coal combustion to produce electricity: the heat produced warms water, and the resulting water vapor moves turbines connected to generators.

• Advantages: The cheapest way to produce energy; our main non-renewable resource.
• Impacts: Increases the greenhouse effect and acid rain; it is a finite resource.

Oil

Formed by the decomposition of organic matter.

• Advantages: The transport sector depends on it.
• Impacts: Localized resources (mostly in the Middle East), oil spills, and increased greenhouse effects.

Natural Gas

Formed by the decomposition of organic matter, it is a mixture of gases such as methane and hydrogen.

• Advantages:

Earth's Structure and Landforms

The Lithosphere

Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago. Its internal structure consists of:

• The Core: The center of Earth.
• The Mantle: Surrounds the core.
• The Crust: A thin layer of solid rocks.

The external structure includes:

• The Lithosphere: Composed of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.
• The Hydrosphere: All the water on Earth.
• The Atmosphere: The gaseous layer surrounding Earth.

Continents

Continents are large expanses of dry land surrounded by oceans and seas, covering 29% of Earth's surface. The majority are located in the Northern Hemisphere:

• Asia
• America
• Africa
• Antarctica
• Europe
• Oceania

Islands

Islands are smaller masses of land surrounded by water, often located near the coast of continents. Some islands are grouped... Continue reading "Earth's Structure, Landforms, and Climate Zones" »

Atmospheric Phenomena: Cyclones and Anticyclones

Cyclones: These are winds that rotate around a low-pressure center, converging toward the center. They rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. They are associated with low-pressure systems and often bring unsettled weather.

Anticyclones: These rotate in the opposite direction around a center of high pressure, with winds projecting outward. Anticyclones are associated with high-pressure weather maps and usually bring fair weather. Together, these systems determine the climate of the temperate zone.

Major Storm Systems

Typhoons: These occur on average twenty times a year in the North Pacific, typically during August and September.

Tornadoes: The most... Continue reading "Understanding Cyclones, Local Winds, and the Rock Cycle" »

By the clash between the two plates, are formed at high pressure. It is up to the edge, and the mountain is formed. Rocks break when they start shaking earthquakes are generated: Many volcanoes are formed. Tektinikoak side of the plate are two slides. Are formed at high pressure, causing earthquakes that can be broken by the stones. Also called fault-transformation. The earthquake, or seismoak sismikosk movement, a land-force in a more or less in the shake are usually are short term. Is generated inside the Earth hipozentro or earthquake seismic focus. The first site is called the epicenter of terror detect the surface. Geosphere Volcanoes within the hole or slit materials are cast out. Tephra. Lava. Volcanic gas. Among the preventive measures... Continue reading "I is correct ii is correct" »

Hominization and Human Evolution Facts

1. What are four characteristics that encouraged hominization?

   • Bipedalism
   • Language development
   • Increased skull size
   • Manipulation/Tool use

2. What has allowed us to determine the brain capacity of ancient hominids?

   Fossils.

3. What percentage of human genes are shared with a chimpanzee?

   98.7%

4. What was the last hominid species that lived alongside Homo sapiens?

   Neanderthal Man (Homo neanderthalensis)

5. What is the original territory of the human species?

   The African continent.

Origins of Life and Basic Biology Concepts

1. What is symbiosis?

   A: A trophic relationship between two species.

2. Why was the Miller-Urey experiment important?

   B: Because it showed that organic molecules can be formed from inorganic substances.

3. What are plasmids?

   C:

Coastal Formations

• Outward Flows: These extend from the coast to the deep sea, including gulfs and deep-sea starters near the coast.
• Cliffs: These are coasts that meet the sea with a steep drop. Sea erosion forms caves in the lower sections, wearing away areas of lower hardness to create sea arches. When the bottom of the cliff is pierced, or the top of the arch detaches, it can form sea stacks (Needle rock on the sea).
• Beaches: These are flat expanses with gentle slopes composed of sand, gravel, or pebbles, situated at the coast level. They consist of continental and marine sediments.
• Marine Terraces (The Shallow): These are marine erosion platforms parallel to the coast that have been elevated above lower sea levels. The flatter shapes represent

Transportation

The eroded materials produce waste that can be classified into three types: ions, small particles, and clasts or fragments of different sizes. Depending on their size, detrital or clastic sediments are classified as gravel or ridges, coarse and fine sand, silt, and clay. The sediments are transported to lower areas by conveyor agents. The most important agent is water, followed by wind and glaciers.

In some cases, such as with particles dissolved in water, all transported materials are alike. However, in most cases, the lighter particles reach farther than the heavier ones, which are usually larger. This is known as selective transport, resulting in a selection of materials by size. Transport occurs in three basic ways: in solution,... Continue reading "Sediment Transport and Deposition Processes" »

Continuation Vertical Dykes

Phases in the construction of dams with floating caissons:

Construction, launching, towing, positioning, anchoring, filling, building superstructure.

Factors to Consider in Building:

1. Previous studies
2. Quarry selection
3. Execution control

Previous Studies:

• Geological studies
• Climate studies
• Bathymetric studies
• Organization and valuation
• Execution

Works for Berthing and Mooring:

That perform the following functions: Contact land-sea, surface crossing of goods, creating a terminal area of transportation systems and storage area of goods.

Types:

Dock: A structure with two vertical planes where vessels are attached to a horizontal plane through which the manipulation of goods is done.

Pontoons and platforms: Areas or pathways through which... Continue reading "Dam Construction & Port Infrastructure: Phases, Factors & Types" »