Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geology

Understanding the Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is a process in which thermal radiation emitted by the planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases and re-emitted in all directions.

Solutions to Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect

• Recycle paper.
• Decrease CO2 and methane emissions.
• Implement policies promoting sustainable resources in every country.
• Reduce the use of fossil fuels and use renewable fuels instead.
• Improve building infrastructure to use less energy and fewer non-renewable resources.

Changing Lifestyles for a Sustainable Future

• Only buy what is needed.
• Disconnect electronic equipment when leaving home.
• Conserve water.
• Consume fewer processed products.

Low-Shrinkage Crude Oil Properties

This crude oil type is characterized by quality lines that are closely spaced near the dewpoint curve in its phase diagram. The other associated properties of low-shrinkage crude oil include:

• Oil Formation Volume Factor: Less than 1.2 bbl/STB
• Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR): Less than 200 scf/STB
• Oil Gravity: Less than 35° API
• Color: Black or deeply colored

Volatile Crude Oil Characteristics

Volatile crude oil exhibits quality lines that are close together near the bubblepoint and become more widely spaced at lower pressures. This crude oil type is commonly characterized by a high liquid shrinkage immediately below the bubblepoint, as illustrated in Figure 1-7.

Other characteristic properties of volatile crude oil include:

• Oil

The Role and Responsibilities of a Civil Engineer

A Civil Engineer is a highly trained professional responsible for constructing various types of structures and infrastructure. Their work involves several critical phases:

1. Site Assessment: The engineer must thoroughly study the area where construction will take place, analyzing ground conditions, especially if the location is a seismic zone.
2. Design and Planning: They must create the project plans, determine the appropriate foundations, and select the most suitable type of concrete for the structure.
3. Supervision: The engineer must carefully supervise the work until its finalization.

Understanding Civil Engineering

Civil engineering is responsible for the creation of infrastructures, transport works,... Continue reading "Civil Engineering Fundamentals: Role, Process, and Construction Vocabulary" »

The Evolution of Global Energy Sources

In the 18th century, wood was a key energy source.

Since the Industrial Revolution, people began to use coal, which became the main energy source in the 19th century, powering steam engines.

Electricity, oil, and gas were introduced in the late 19th century and remain crucial today.

Nuclear energy was discovered in the mid-20th century. New renewable energy sources like wind and solar gained popularity following the 1973 energy crisis.

Energy Classification Systems

Classification by Depletion Rate

• Renewable: Those which cannot be used up (e.g., solar, hydraulic).
• Non-Renewable: Those which can be used up (e.g., uranium, coal, oil).

Classification by Origin (Primary vs. Secondary)

• Primary: Obtained directly from

Ethical Concerns of Large-Scale Animal Farms

Using one example, explain the ethical concerns surrounding the animal welfare and large-scale animal farms. How has this issue been dealt with?

Main products: meat, milk, and eggs.
Goal: highest output at lowest cost.
Grazing: close to half of Earth's land area used for rangeland.
Arid rangeland due to overgrazing of cattle.
Typical high density of livestock.
Is this sustainable or ethical?

• Efficiency in food production
• Animal welfare
• Environmental impacts
• Health risks (disease)

Climate Change and Agricultural Landscapes

Talk briefly about how climate change has impacted our agricultural landscape.

Agriculture is highly dependent on climate; changes make production more difficult. Optimal growth depends... Continue reading "Animal Welfare, Livestock Farming and Climate Effects" »

The Sun's Influence on Earth's Weather

The Sun plays a fundamental role in driving Earth's weather systems through various processes:

1. The Sun heats Earth unevenly, with polar regions receiving less direct warmth.
2. Earth's surface heats the air above it. Warm air rises, and colder air moves in to replace it, creating wind.
3. The Sun also warms the oceans, causing water to evaporate and form water vapor, a crucial atmospheric gas.
4. Water vapor mixes throughout the air, present even in areas far from large bodies of water.
5. As warm, moist air rises, it cools. This cooling causes water vapor to condense into tiny water droplets, forming clouds.
6. These tiny droplets can coalesce and grow, eventually falling as rain.
7. If atmospheric temperatures are sufficiently

Soil: A Vital Ecosystem

Soil is a complex ecosystem made up of minerals, organic material, gases, and liquids, which forms the habitat for many organisms. As part of the lithosphere, soil stores and transfers heat.

Soil System Components

Soil Particle Size

Particle size order from smallest to largest: Clay < Silt < Sand

Ensuring Soil Sustainability

• Fertile soil is a non-renewable resource.
• It cannot be replaced quickly.
• Practices like