Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

The Inter-War Economic Period and Crisis

The inter-war period was characterized by a clash between countries promoting private initiative, countries where dictatorships triumphed, and countries where the proletariat and fascism were emerging.

Economic Stages (1920-1928)

Between 1920 and 1928, there were three distinct economic stages:

• Economic Boom: Due to the conversion of war industries and reconstruction.
• Stabilization: The United States provided credits to European countries for reconstruction.
• Expansion: New industries and production methods emerged.

Factors Leading to the 1929 Crash

Towards the end of the 1920s, a series of factors led to the crash:

• War Debts: Physical destruction caused by wars was recovered through credits, leading to debt.
• Shift

19th Century Industrialization in Catalonia

Key Industries

• Textile Industry: Experienced a significant boom in the 19th century.
• Mining Sector: Did not experience the same level of growth as the textile industry.
• Metallurgical Industry: Initiated by Bonaplata and continued by terrestrial and marine engineers.
• Chemical Industry: Specialized in dyes for textile printing and washing.
• Cork Industry: Saw an expansion in the production of spirits and wines.
• Paper Manufacturing: Growth in paper production.

The Labor Movement

Working Conditions

Workers faced extremely difficult conditions:

• Low wages
• Long working hours, up to 15 hours a day
• Precarious working environments with noise, extreme temperatures, and poor ventilation
• Poor nutrition and lack of rest
• Frequent

The revolution that began almost simultaneously with the war issued a call for general and special Cortes. This initiative came from the Central Junta, although it was carried out by the Regency.

Composition and Functioning of the Cortes

Among the deputies, there existed distinct groups:

• A group that sought no change to the absolutist political system.
• Another group advocated an intermediate regime between the old absolutism and a constitutional model based on the sovereignty of the nation.
• The Liberals proposed a single chamber to assume national sovereignty and to develop a constitution that would reflect the new arrangements introduced by the French Revolution.

This last position triumphed in Cádiz, as the Liberals had significant influence.

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