Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

TYPE OF TEXT: Primary Source

As regards the form, it's a law - legal text/terms. For content - economic text.

AUTHOR

Liberal Progressive Government, at the proposal of the Ministry of Development + approved by Cortes + Isabel II (Queen)

ADDRESSEE

All the Spaniards, so it is a public text.

Introduction

OBJECTIVE

Attract foreign capital to boost the construction of the railway in Spain.

LOCATION + DATE

Aranjuez, published in “”/Located in the process of “Vicalvarada” to Progressive Biennium 1854-56

Main Idea

Boost the construction of the railway in Spain + the need to attract foreign capital.

Introduction

The law - approved in Cortes is ratified by Isabel II, Queen of Spain.

Articles

Their object is to regulate the general service of the rail network.... Continue reading "The 1855 Spanish Railway Law: Boosting Construction and Attracting Foreign Capital" »

Commercial Fishing

The aim of this modern form of fishing is the large-scale sale of the catch. It is common in developed countries. In commercial fishing, there are also different techniques for catching the fish. Two are especially worth noting: trawling and electrofishing with suction.

DISTANCE TO THE COAST

Coastal fishing:This is done in large bodies of fresh water or in the ocean near the coast. Boats go out for one or two days. They are small and use nets and paternoster lines, long fishing lines with several branches ending in a hook. This type of fishing does not employ a lot of technology.

Deep-sea fishing: This is done exclusively in the open sea by fleets equipped with sonar and radar to detect shoals of fish. The ships are very large

Kingdoms of Castilla and León

The kingdoms of Castilla and León were unified by Ferdinand III. In the 11th century it expanded to Toledo under Alfonso III. In the 12th century it extended to Cuenca, and in the 13th century it reached Córdoba under Ferdinand III and Sevilla under Alfonso X and the Cádiz taifa. Only one taifa remained: the kingdom of Granada. It is called a kingdom because people from surrounding areas fled to this taifa, so it grew larger and larger until it became a kingdom.

Key territorial expansions

• 11th century: expansion to Toledo (Alfonso III)
• 12th century: expansion to Cuenca
• 13th century: extension to Córdoba (Ferdinand III)
• 13th century: conquest of Sevilla (Alfonso X) and the Cádiz taifa
• Surviving taifa: Granada —

Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company History

Key Timeline

• NWC Founded - 1783
• Thomas Scott died - 1870
• HBC Founded - 1670
• HBC + NWC - 1821
• Selkirk Settlement - 1812
• Red River Rebellion - 1869
• Manitoba federation - 1870
• Pemmican Proclamation - 1814

Rupert's Land

Rupert's Land included all lands drained by rivers flowing into Hudson Bay; it was named after Prince Rupert. It was the area claimed around Hudson Bay.

HBC Grant

The HBC grant consisted of Rupert's Land, the drainage basin of Hudson Bay.

Northwest Territory and Peoples

The Northwest Territory was dominated by the Canadian Shield and was covered by boreal forests. Closer to Hudson Bay the trees were small and the ground was often covered by lichen.

Major Indigenous groups included the Ojibwa,... Continue reading "Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company History and Impact" »

They were sustainable because of the continuous floods of immigrants. As it stopped, working conditions had to be improved.

There were jobs available for black people as a consequence of the huge demand for American products.

There was a movement of black people from the South to the North which received the name of Great Internal Migration and it had a sociological, demographic and cultural effect. They went to industrial centres such as Chicago, New York etc. They took their music with them.

The Roaring Twenties (Jazz Age)

The music of the period is the consequence of the Great Internal Migration.

People were tired from war and wanting to enjoy life. It was a period of music.

It had some negative aspects:

• Red Scare: the Soviet Revolution made American

Understanding Economic Activity: Concepts and Classifications

Economic activities encompass all processes used to obtain the goods and services that people need.

Phases of Economic Activity

• Production: The creation of goods and services.
• Distribution: The process of making goods and services available to consumers.
• Consumption: The use of goods and services by individuals and organizations.

Key Economic Sectors

Economic activities are broadly grouped into three main sectors:

• Primary Sector: Activities that obtain food and raw materials directly from the natural environment (e.g., agriculture, mining, fishing).
• Secondary Sector: Economic activities that transform raw materials into finished products (e.g., manufacturing, construction).
• Tertiary Sector:

The Parramatta River catchment is one of the most highly urbanized catchments in Australia. However, many different issues impact the health of the catchment. These land and water issues affect the Parramatta River due to the consequences of human activity. Activities such as development, industry, land and water pollution, stormwater runoff, flooding, boating, and even simple daily actions like driving or walking, all have an impact on the health of the waterways.

Addressing Catchment Issues: Improvement Program

To address these challenges, an Environmental Improvement Program is in place, structured around four main streams:

• Stormwater Management
• Floodplain Management
• Healthy Waterways
• Sustainable Water

Each stream functions to improve the water... Continue reading "Parramatta River Catchment Environmental Issues" »

mediterranean route:

Spanish or Italian towns to Islamic and Byzantine ports, imported luxury, perfumes, silks, porcelain.

atlantic and baltic routes:

Portuguese, Cantabria, Germany, Russia: Spanish and English wood, French wine, English tin, leather.

guild:

Artisans of the same trade formed craft guilds, they have strict laws.

romanesque :

Fisrt appearance in France, Italy, became an international style in 11th and 12th century, churches, cathedrals, monasteries made of stone, human representation: figures were rigid, unrealistic, Romanesque sculptures were polychrome, they were painted in bright colors.

gothic:

Began in France and spread widely from the second half of the 12th century, developed when cities were expanded, civil buildings, cathedrals,... Continue reading "Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Baltic Trade Routes in Medieval Europe" »