Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Key Demographic Concepts and Trends

Baby Boom

A baby boom refers to an accelerated increase in population growth within a short period. This term can sometimes be associated with subsequent economic challenges.

Age Groups and Their Economic Roles

• 0 to 14 years: This group comprises babies, children, and adolescents up to 14 years old. They are generally considered the school population and are not part of the paid workforce.
• 15 to 64 years: This age bracket is often referred to as the economically active population.
• 65 years and over: This group includes older adults or the elderly, who are largely retired from the workforce.

Global Population Aging

The aging of the world's population is a consequence of the demographic transition. A decline in mortality... Continue reading "Demographic Trends: Birth Rates, Mortality, and Population Growth" »

The Phenomenon of Colonization

Various native peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean came to the Balearic Islands, the East Coast, and Andalusia in the Iberian Peninsula. Their distinctive feature was the commercial activity they had developed in the Mediterranean area. Beyond settling in Hispanic lands, they are called settlers. The main reason for their arrival was economic: copper, tin, gold, and silver. Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians came to Hispanic lands.

Early Settlers

The Morro de Mezquitilla deposit in Malaga dates from the 9th century BC. The founding of Gades, future Cadiz, is dated between 800 and 775 BC. New foundations are usually located on the Mediterranean coast of Andalusia, such as Sexi. They were interested in the mines... Continue reading "Ancient Mediterranean Colonization of the Iberian Peninsula" »

Latin America: A Geographic Overview

Location and Size

Latin America encompasses three of the four natural units of the Americas, representing 50% of the continent. It covers an area of 42,083,206 km², spanning latitudes from 83°N to 56°S and longitudes from 173°W to 35°W.

Key Landforms

• Isthmus: A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas across the sea.
• Sierra: Part of a mountain range, often composed of a main range and lower foothills.
• Plain: A relatively flat, low-lying area, typically below 200m in altitude (e.g., Orinoco and Amazon basins).
• Shield: Ancient, stable rock formations (e.g., Guiana and Brazilian Shields).
• Basin: A depression on the Earth's surface, a valley surrounded by higher ground.
• Altiplano: A high intermountain

Industrial Revolution Definition

The Industrial Revolution was not just a technological change with the appearance of machines, but also an economic shift towards economic liberalism and a social change with the emergence of the proletariat (workers). It originated in England and expanded to other countries.

Factors

Demographic

• Increased population due to decreased mortality (better hygiene and nutrition).

Agricultural Revolution

• New cultivation methods and productive systems.
• New land ownership system where common lands were purchased by individuals.

Economic

• Economic liberalism influenced British politicians to facilitate trade and development.

Intellectual (Technical)

• Various technical inventions were driven by existing needs, with each invention leading

Unit 1: Geography & Relief Concepts

Geography: The science that analyzes and describes the Earth's surface and the interrelationships between nature and human beings.

Relief Concept: The modeling or formations of the land surface and ocean floor.

Big Relief Units:

• Depressions or Basins
• Valleys
• Plains and Steppes
• Mesas
• Massifs
• Sierras/Mountains
• Ridges

Unit 2: Weather, Climate & Landscapes

Concept of Weather: The state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place.

Concept of Climate: The succession of atmospheric conditions that occur over a period of not less than 30 years in a given area.

Köppen Climate Classification:

• A: Warm/Tropical Climates
• B: Desert Climates
• C: Temperate Climates
• D: Cold/Continental Climates
• E: Polar Climates
• H: Mountain Climates

Landscapes:

ITEM 4 Medieval: The Crisis of the 14th and 15th Centuries

1. Introduction

Beginning in the late 13th century, European society faced a major crisis due to hunger, disease, and wars. The 14th century saw the start of recovery, with population growth, trade development, and the emergence of cities. The last two centuries of the Middle Ages (14th and 15th) brought significant changes:

• Political: Disappearance of serfdom, birth of nationality, and growth of royal authority.
• Cultural: Emergence of secular thought, leading to religious clashes, emphasis on the individual, and new ideologies like humanism and reason.

The Iberian Peninsula experienced similar trends, including the first universities, development of vernacular literature, and Gothic and... Continue reading "Late Medieval Europe: Crisis and Transformation" »

The Genus *Homo* and Its Species

The genus *Homo* arose 2.5 million years ago in Africa from earlier hominids, *Australopithecus* or *Kenyanthropus*, likely coinciding with the beginning of a long period called the Pleistocene glaciations.

Features Distinguishing *Homo* from Other Primates:

• Upright posture leading to bipedalism.
• A deft hand resulting from standing, with the development of a longer thumb in relation to the hand.
• A large and sophisticated brain.
• The development of acute vision that responds perfectly to the commands of the brain.

These qualities enabled the development of different techniques. Thanks to practical knowledge transmitted culturally, *Homo* species began manufacturing and using increasingly sophisticated and efficient instruments... Continue reading "Evolution of the Genus Homo: From Africa to the World" »

Ilerda: Unveiling Ancient Roman Remains

Ilerda: The remains of ancient Roman buildings are dated to the late second century BC. However, the city's foundation likely began in the early first century BC. Under Augustus, it earned the title of Municipium and underwent significant monumental construction.

Several classical sources refer to Ilerda, particularly concerning the battle between supporters of Caesar and Pompey (49 BC), described by Caesar in De Bello Civile. Archaeological excavations have begun to shed light on the Roman city buried beneath later constructions. However, the discovered structures are insufficient to draw definitive conclusions about the city's layout.

The wall encompassed the entire Seu Vella hill and extended down to... Continue reading "Ilerda: Unearthing Roman History in Lleida" »

Dominican Republic Facts

Political Geography and History

The division of the state is studied by political geography.

Agreements and treaties that legalized the division of the island into two countries include: Nijmegen, Ryswick, San Miguel de la Atalaya, and Aranjuez.

In the pre-Columbian period, the island of Santo Domingo was politically divided into Chiefdoms, which were Marién, Maguá, Jaragua, and Maguana.

Population Factors

Variables influencing population growth include: Natalidad (birth rate), mortality, immigration, and emigration.

Economy and Resources

Which of these minerals is more profitable for the country?

1. Silver and gold
2. Gold and ferronickel
3. Marble and nickel
4. Nickel and silver

The sectors comprising the economy are:

1. Primary, secondary,

The Second Industrial Revolution and Global Impact

The expansion of industrialization across Europe led to the emergence of new industrial powers. This period saw the development and consolidation of the capitalist system, with significant economic growth resulting from the Second Industrial Revolution, which in turn fueled imperialism.

Development and Consolidation of the Capitalist System

Capitalism became increasingly globalized due to the internationalization of trade. Production, facilitated by a worldwide transport revolution, was exported globally. This system is characterized by alternating cycles of expansion and crisis, with the ever-growing engine of internationalization driving both.

Understanding Capitalist System Operation

In this... Continue reading "Second Industrial Revolution: Capitalism, Growth, and Innovation" »