Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

They were sustainable because of the continuous floods of immigrants. As it stopped, working conditions had to be improved.

There were jobs available for black people as a consequence of the huge demand for American products.

There was a movement of black people from the South to the North which received the name of Great Internal Migration and it had a sociological, demographic and cultural effect. They went to industrial centres such as Chicago, New York etc. They took their music with them.

The Roaring Twenties (Jazz Age)

The music of the period is the consequence of the Great Internal Migration.

People were tired from war and wanting to enjoy life. It was a period of music.

It had some negative aspects:

• Red Scare: the Soviet Revolution made American

Understanding Economic Activity: Concepts and Classifications

Economic activities encompass all processes used to obtain the goods and services that people need.

Phases of Economic Activity

• Production: The creation of goods and services.
• Distribution: The process of making goods and services available to consumers.
• Consumption: The use of goods and services by individuals and organizations.

Key Economic Sectors

Economic activities are broadly grouped into three main sectors:

• Primary Sector: Activities that obtain food and raw materials directly from the natural environment (e.g., agriculture, mining, fishing).
• Secondary Sector: Economic activities that transform raw materials into finished products (e.g., manufacturing, construction).
• Tertiary Sector:

The Parramatta River catchment is one of the most highly urbanized catchments in Australia. However, many different issues impact the health of the catchment. These land and water issues affect the Parramatta River due to the consequences of human activity. Activities such as development, industry, land and water pollution, stormwater runoff, flooding, boating, and even simple daily actions like driving or walking, all have an impact on the health of the waterways.

Addressing Catchment Issues: Improvement Program

To address these challenges, an Environmental Improvement Program is in place, structured around four main streams:

• Stormwater Management
• Floodplain Management
• Healthy Waterways
• Sustainable Water

Each stream functions to improve the water... Continue reading "Parramatta River Catchment Environmental Issues" »

mediterranean route:

Spanish or Italian towns to Islamic and Byzantine ports, imported luxury, perfumes, silks, porcelain.

atlantic and baltic routes:

Portuguese, Cantabria, Germany, Russia: Spanish and English wood, French wine, English tin, leather.

guild:

Artisans of the same trade formed craft guilds, they have strict laws.

romanesque :

Fisrt appearance in France, Italy, became an international style in 11th and 12th century, churches, cathedrals, monasteries made of stone, human representation: figures were rigid, unrealistic, Romanesque sculptures were polychrome, they were painted in bright colors.

gothic:

Began in France and spread widely from the second half of the 12th century, developed when cities were expanded, civil buildings, cathedrals,... Continue reading "Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Baltic Trade Routes in Medieval Europe" »

Around 40,000 BCE, the first humans lived in China. Cultivation began around the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. The Yangshao and Longshan cultures were the earliest settlements. There was a big difference between northern and southern agriculture. The Tibetan Plateau and the Gobi Desert were the natural barriers of the Chinese civilization.

The Shang Dynasty

The Xia was the first dynasty in China, around 2000 BCE. It was replaced by the Shang Dynasty around 1600 BCE. Shang China was governed by a warrior aristocracy. The rulers in Anyang ruled with local and central bureaucracy, but it wasn't hereditary. The king's position was demonstrated by the large sacrifices at his death. He was an intermediary between Heaven and Earth. Socially, the village/... Continue reading "Ancient China: From Prehistory to the Qin Dynasty" »

Social Groups

The growth of cities transformed the organization of feudal society. Many artisans and traders were not dependent on the feudal lords. This group was the bourgeoisie.

Transportation Advancements in the 1800s

What four factors significantly reduced the cost of transporting goods in the 1800s?

• National Road
• Canals
• Steamboats
• Railroads

Communication Advancements in the 1800s

Name at least three advancements in communication during the 1800s.

• Samuel F. B. Morse's Telegraph
• Perfection of the power press
• Revolutionized journalism

Characteristics of the 1800s

Name at least three characteristics of the 1800s.

• Population Growth: The American population doubled approximately every 22 years, with 600,000 immigrants arriving in the 1830s.
• Westward Expansion: Vast areas of land opened up for settlement.
• Land speculators played a leading role in the settlement of the West by selling land, partially on credit.

Manifest Destiny and Its

Germanic Invasions

The Western Roman Empire followed a different evolution to the Byzantine Empire, as the lands of Western Europe were occupied by peoples of Germanic origin.

1. Germanic Tribes

The Germanic people came from Central Asia and settled for centuries near the borders of the Roman Empire. They were nomadic people who did not build cities, as they mainly lived in villages and camps. They mainly worked in farming and were organised into tribes, led by a tribal chief who was elected by an assembly of free men. The leader was the military chief and ruled with the help of warriors, with whom he established pacts of loyalty.

An increase in population and the need to seek pastures for cattle caused the Germanic people to move to western Europe.... Continue reading "The Germanic Invasions and the Fall of Rome" »